tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9676132359279106632024-03-13T17:17:31.914-04:00BRASS CASTLE ARTSBrass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.comBlogger52125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-38460073539936113652014-10-27T20:11:00.000-04:002014-10-27T20:11:52.648-04:00Just Try To Keep Up With This New Nonagenarian<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Courier New",Courier,monospace;">[I hope you will indulge me as my family celebrates my mother's 90th birthday. She's an incredible individual, and not just because she's my mother. - SMC]</span></span></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tHfevUGovxY/VE7SoANYvrI/AAAAAAAAARs/NAGDtc2cZZ0/s1600/Mother%2B%26%2Broses%2B-%2BMWard.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tHfevUGovxY/VE7SoANYvrI/AAAAAAAAARs/NAGDtc2cZZ0/s1600/Mother%2B%26%2Broses%2B-%2BMWard.jpg" height="400" width="225" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Lorraine "Ma FAST" Morong</i></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">CELEBRATION OF THE YEAR </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">At the Town Hall on Saturday,
October 18, 2014, long-time Madbury citizen Lorraine Morong celebrated her 90<sup>th</sup>
birthday, with hundreds of friends and family from near and far. The event may
have been this New Hampshire town’s most festive event of the year, second only
to Madbury Day, its annual festival.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">FIFTY-YEAR RESIDENT<br />
This year also marks Lorraine’s fiftieth year living in Madbury, NH. When in
1964 the Morongs moved there, the town had little in the way of community
services, with its population then of about 700. No municipal center. Other
than one part-time volunteer, no police department. No school. No library. No
industry. The only agricultural enterprise of note was the Elliott Greenhouses
which produced roses wholesale for metropolitan centers across the country.
Other than a hardware store on Route 108, no commerce. Schooling, employment,
marketing – everything was done outside of Madbury. The only activity that
Madbury residents all had in common was that they slept there. In fifty years,
the town has grown to 1700 and now boasts a school, emergency services departments, other facilities, and several small businesses, but has retained its rural atmosphere.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><br />
By no means has Lorraine transformed the town single-handedly (the town is full of civic-minded souls), but she’s had
her hand in a number of projects, in particular the establishment of the Madbury
Public Library in 2000 and the assignment of Madbury’s new zip code in 2004.
Her dedication to the First Aid & Stabilization Team earned her the name of
“Ma FAST.” </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Lorraine has been the news
correspondent for the town almost since she arrived, for the <i>Portsmouth Herald</i>, the <i>Tri-Town Transcript</i>, and most recently
for <i>Foster’s Daily Democrat</i>. As
correspondent, she attends meetings of the Board of Selectmen, the
Planning Board, and other municipal offices and community organizations. Her
personal collection of journalism archives frequently provides newcomers with
an important foundation of recent town history in community concerns. She has
also sat as an alternate on the Zoning Board of Adjustment, and continues to be
active with the Madbury Community Club.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Husband Bill, who passed away
in 1991, was also involved in town affairs, including membership on the valuable
Water Resources Board; Madbury provides the City of Portsmouth, NH, with most
of its municipal water supply.</span></span></div>
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</span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-991SuDHfVJA/VE7TVR_tDCI/AAAAAAAAAR8/1BuhbzEe0tw/s1600/Morong%2BClan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-991SuDHfVJA/VE7TVR_tDCI/AAAAAAAAAR8/1BuhbzEe0tw/s1600/Morong%2BClan.jpg" height="192" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><i><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Just a few of us Morongs - 4 generations</span></i></span></td></tr>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">HAPPY BIRTHDAY!</span></span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">
The Town Hall was bursting at the seams with well-wishers from 1 to 93 years of
age, from every walk of Lorraine’s life. A fair sample of Madbury’s population
rubbed shoulders with denizens of Muscongus Island (Lorraine’s summer home in
mid-coast Maine, where she still paddles her own canoe - er, rows her own dinghy - see evidence below) and multitudes of Lorraine’s children, grandchildren, and
great-grandchildren, to say nothing of cousins and long-time friends. Folks
came from Virginia, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Missouri, Maine, Connecticut, Massachusetts, and
other far-flung locales to celebrate this dynamo known as Lorraine.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Denise Shames, former resident,
noted that of the original four Vestal Virgins in ethereal robes who graced
Madbury’s Bicentennial pageant in 1968, only two remained, she and Lorraine.
The other two - more Madbury icons - were Denise’s mother Elizabeth and Joan
Schreiber, both of whom were close friends of Lorraine. Denise suggested that
it may be time to reenact the pageant; Madbury’s 250<sup>th</sup> anniversary
comes up in 2018, only four short years away. Maybe Lorraine and Denise can
reprise their old roles.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Joan Schreiber’s son Kurt gave
Lorraine a small essay he prepared, in part of which he commented that if he
was ever concerned as to the whereabouts of his mother, he could usually find
her whispering with Lorraine in the back row of a meeting, conniving on
strategy over one or another current concern of town or state political import.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Live music by Castlebay filled
in the spaces among the celebrants. Castlebay’s husband-&-wife team Fred
Gosbee and Julia Lane of Round Pond, ME, specialize in Celtic, medieval, and
maritime music with harp, fiddle, flute, and voice. Puppeteer Nancy Sander of Salisbury,
MA, glided among the guests with a giant butterfly which kissed children and
adults alike with its fuzzy pipe-cleaner nose, when she wasn’t enchanting the
same audience with puppet shows. Nancy’s 15-foot Chinese dragon wended her way
through the crowd several times (I believe it was a girl dragon: she had pink
flowers on her nose), bumping her horns against the ceiling amiably, and
dancing around the building. Balloon-artist Beth Booth of Lee, NH, proved
popular, too, creating colorful creatures and innovative headdresses to
everyone’s delight. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">The Madbury Community Club and
members of Friends of the Madbury Library collaborated with Lorraine’s son
Duffy on food preparation, service, and clean-up. Duffy also prepared many of
the sandwiches and other treats. Granddaughter Amy made both chocolate and
vanilla 2-layer cakes with sugar-screened photographs of Lorraine (into which
images no one wanted to cut!). Everyone raved about the delicious quality of
these excellent cakes, a most welcome respite from the usual insipid and greasy
commercial products.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">PROCEEDS TO BENEFIT LIBRARY </span></span><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Lorraine insisted on no gifts
for herself, but requested that anyone so inclined should make a donation to
the Friends of the Madbury Library. Most attendees have done so, increasing the
Friends’ treasury significantly. Donations continue to arrive via the
postal service, from many who couldn’t attend.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">“A good time was had by all” is
a paltry description of the bustling, magical cheer that pervaded the celebration of a
woman whose friendship, practical good sense, bonhomie, and wisdom has graced
us all. To Lorraine, in the Irish Gaelic: “<i><span>Sláinte!</span></i><span>” - “Good health!” - for many more years! </span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span><br /></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span>Mark your calendars for the 100th! Lorraine has!</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-015CsLDykCQ/VE7ZweyczSI/AAAAAAAAASM/KLSnR_SjJMg/s1600/Mother%2Bin%2Bdinghy%2Bat%2Bisland%2B2013-cropped.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-015CsLDykCQ/VE7ZweyczSI/AAAAAAAAASM/KLSnR_SjJMg/s1600/Mother%2Bin%2Bdinghy%2Bat%2Bisland%2B2013-cropped.jpg" height="370" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Lorraine at Muscongus Island, August 2013 (compass heading: Year 2024)</span></span></i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-43712223913262296672014-10-08T18:54:00.000-04:002014-10-29T11:12:52.060-04:00Capturing The Wild Kingdom Before “Wild Kingdom”<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: large;">Birth of Martin
Johnson, Pioneer Wildlife Photographer</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: large;">Oct. 9, 1884</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Remember
Marlin Perkins in Mutual of Omaha’s 1960s TV show “Wild Kingdom,” and how he
left all the rhino-wrestling to his buddy Jim? To say nothing of Steve Irwin’s
popular “Crocodile Hunter” forty years later. This post celebrates intrepid
forerunner Martin Johnson, who broke trail for the likes of Marlin, Jim, and
Steve.</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sMNTzsfRDFU/VDW8ZaK8_OI/AAAAAAAAARU/nxVJd6tBNqc/s1600/Martin%2B%26%2BOsa%2B-.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-sMNTzsfRDFU/VDW8ZaK8_OI/AAAAAAAAARU/nxVJd6tBNqc/s1600/Martin%2B%26%2BOsa%2B-.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Martin and Osa Johnson</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Martin
Elmer was born on October 9, 1884, to John and Lucinda Johnson, in Rockford, IL,
where John, a Swedish immigrant, worked as foreman at a watch factory. Within a
year of Martin’s birth, the Johnsons moved to Lincoln, KS, where Martin’s
father then ran a jewelry store. They moved again in 1896, away from Lincoln which was
crippled with drought, to Independence, KS, where John met with new success in selling jewelry and books.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Although
his father taught him how to repair clocks and watches and details of the
jewelry business, Martin’s mind was always on birds in the nearby woods and turtles
basking on the river rocks. He constantly rebelled against both school and
store. He frequently ran away from home, riding the rails and meeting hobos. When
his father’s store expanded to include camera supplies, the boy became obsessed
with photography as a means of escape to freedom from the workaday grind.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Young
Johnson, upon expulsion from high school for photographic breaches in etiquette
and protocol, embarked as an itinerant photographer. He met his future wife,
Osa Helen Leighty, in 1902 when she was only eight. At the time, she was
offended by the gawky teenager, ten years her elder, but neither did she quite forget
him. She had taken her 3-year-old brother to the makeshift studio of this
traveling artist, and was dismayed when the young man, who was developing his
skill and his eye along with his images, insisted on mussing up the toddler’s
hair for the expensive photograph, delighting little Vaughn but ruining Osa’s intent
on a formal portrait. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">When
he came back to town – Chanute, KS – in 1910, his adventures drew Osa, and they
eloped after a three-week acquaintance. In the intervening eight years, he had had
a lifetime of adventure. He had worked on a boat to England, then stowed away
on his return. He had sailed the Pacific with Jack London on that disastrous
trip aboard the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Snark </i>(making the
acquaintance of South Seas cannibals and headhunters), proving himself far
better at ship operation and maintenance than at his job as cook.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I3vtxsnqM28/VDW8ieYJplI/AAAAAAAAARc/7MTjU6OlFRQ/s1600/Martin%2B%26%2BOsa%2Bin%2BBorneo%2B-%2B1935.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-I3vtxsnqM28/VDW8ieYJplI/AAAAAAAAARc/7MTjU6OlFRQ/s1600/Martin%2B%26%2BOsa%2Bin%2BBorneo%2B-%2B1935.jpg" height="227" width="320" /></a></span></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">With native friends in Borneo in 1935</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
young couple worked at movie theaters and displayed his South Seas photographs
on the vaudeville circuit for a while, but finally bit the bullet in 1917 when
they invested everything they had in photography equipment and headed back to
South Seas. They spent nine months visiting and filming wildlife and natives of
the New Hebrides and Solomon Islands, including the fierce Big Nambas
tribe of Malekula. Although warned against taking a white woman among these
people (indeed, the local British garrison warned against anybody approaching
them), both Martin and Osa forged ahead anyway, and Osa survived a baptism of
fire that would have made most others, men or women, quail in terror.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Her gritty courage impressed both natives and
British.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">They
returned to Malekula in 1919. They completely wowwed the Big Nambas when, with equipment
and a generator, they showed the tribe the film they had made from footage on
the earlier trip, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Among the Cannibal
Isles of the South Seas</i>. The film technology displayed to the natives imbued
the Johnsons with powerful medicine. From this second trip, which included a
voyage by boat along the eastern coast of Africa, they produced two more
feature films, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Jungle Adventures</i>
(1921) and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Headhunters of the South Seas</i>
(1922).</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Martin
and Osa’s attention now turned toward Africa. They ultimately made five
expeditions there, between 1921 and 1934, ground-breaking, multi-year projects
with immensely complex planning and execution. They worked in Uganda, the
Serengeti Plains, and the Belgian Congo.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
between their multi-year safaris, they conducted national tours, lecturing,
exhibiting their still photography and artifacts, and producing over fifty
films and seven books about the wildlife and habitats of Africa and the South
Seas. Their films were hugely popular throughout the United States.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Osa
was the ultimate partner to Martin, coordinating the expeditions and running
the camps, and guarding against wildlife attacks while Martin shot footage. She
was a crack shot, providing game for the table as well as protection to the
camp and crew. She remained cool-headed during attacks by lions, rhinos, and
elephants. She quickly picked up a multitude of native languages, and filmed
as well as developed footage with her husband, all with an indomitable,
positive attitude which matched Martin’s adventuresome spirit.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">About
his wife Martin once stated, "For bravery and steadiness and endurance,
Osa is the equal of any man I ever saw. She is a woman through and through.
There is nothing 'mannish' about her. Yet as a comrade in the wilderness she is
better than any man I ever saw."</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
1932, both Johnsons learned to fly, which expedited their expeditions considerably.
They purchased two Sikorsky amphibious planes, Martin’s S-39-CS named “Spirit
of Africa,” which sported giraffe spots, and Osa’s S-38-BS named “Osa’s Ark,” striped
like a zebra. They were now able to collect aerial footage, the first ever of
migrating herds on the African grasslands.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hZ3AbOIfSUc/VDW8WVmyuKI/AAAAAAAAARM/uL6GC_T1ULQ/s1600/I%2BMarried%2BAdventure.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-hZ3AbOIfSUc/VDW8WVmyuKI/AAAAAAAAARM/uL6GC_T1ULQ/s1600/I%2BMarried%2BAdventure.jpg" /></a><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sadly,
while on their lecture circuit, the Johnsons were involved in a deadly plane crash in California on January 12,
1937. The commercial Boeing airliner, fighting foul
weather, failed to reach the runway on approach. Martin died of his injuries
the next day, one of five deaths, at age 52. Osa was also severely injured, but
continued their schedule of lectures in a wheelchair once she was released from
the hospital. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Osa
continued their work after Martin’s untimely death. She wrote several memoirs,
led more expeditions to Africa, wrote children’s books, produced more films,
including one based on her memoir <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"></i>, and continued on the lecture circuit. At age 58, she
died in 1953 in the midst of preparing to lead another African safari.</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">I read </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">I
Married Adventure</i><span style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> a couple of years ago, and enjoyed the rich adventure thoroughly.</span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SOURCES</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Martin and Osa Johnson Safari
Museum <a href="http://www.safarimuseum.com/"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.safarimuseum.com/</span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Santa
Clarita Valley Historical Society, SCVHistory.com </span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://www.scvhs.org/"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.scvhs.org/</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Women
Film Pioneers Project at Columbia University</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-osa-johnson/">https://wfpp.cdrs.columbia.edu/pioneer/ccp-osa-johnson/</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Kansapedia: Kansas Historical Society<br />
<a href="http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/martin-and-osa-johnson/12102"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.kshs.org/kansapedia/martin-and-osa-johnson/12102</span></a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Wikipedia – Martin and Osa Johnson</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_and_Osa_Johnson">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_and_Osa_Johnson</a></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></div>
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<u><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">IMAGES</span></u></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Find
A Grave <a href="http://www.findagrave.com/">http://www.findagrave.com</a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Martin and Osa Johnson Safari
Museum <a href="http://www.safarimuseum.com/"><span style="color: blue; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.safarimuseum.com/</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
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Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-62711576344678366102014-09-20T21:54:00.000-04:002014-09-20T21:54:08.873-04:00Birth of Rebecca Smith Pollard, Education pioneer – Sept. 20, 1831<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
name “Rebecca Smith Pollard” rings no bells in my beady little brain, and
neither does her pseudonym, “Kate Harrington.” But the blog post in “The
Writer’s Almanac” for September 20, 2011, <span class="noteintro">puts me
strongly in mind of my own elementary school education and of my subsequent
avocation, living history programming.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iUL4ygE37s4/VB4pWwH5ZtI/AAAAAAAAAQo/yGxMXISM1z4/s1600/Pollard%2C%2BRebecca%2BSmith.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-iUL4ygE37s4/VB4pWwH5ZtI/AAAAAAAAAQo/yGxMXISM1z4/s1600/Pollard%2C%2BRebecca%2BSmith.gif" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Rebecca Smith Pollard 1831-1917</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Born Rebecca Harrington Smith in Allegheny City,
PA, (now part of the city of Pittsburgh) on September 20, 1831, Pollard grew up
in a literary household. Her father, N. R. Smith, was a playwright and taught
Shakespeare. She had three older siblings.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">She started teaching in Kentucky, an occupation
which in the mid-19<sup>th</sup> Century was usually reserved for men. She
taught primarily in private schools for girls. She moved on to teach in Iowa,
and spent most of her professional life in several Iowa cities. A little later
in life, she taught in Chicago. Her writing career began early, when she contributed
to a column in the Louisville [KY]<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">
Journal</i>. Rebecca’s “Letters from a Prairie Cottage” included a section for
children, with fanciful tales about animals. One such tale was about a cat
which adopted orphan chicks. (The strong anti-secession editor of the Louisville <i>Journal</i>
was a major influence in keeping Missouri in the Union.)</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">After moving to Farmington, IA, in her early 20s, she met Oliver I. Taylor, a
New York poet and editor of the <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">The Des
Moines News, </i>the Burlington <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Argus,</i> and other Iowa newspapers. They married in 1858, and in addition to
her other work, Rebecca worked with her husband on these periodicals. They had
one daughter. Tragically, Taylor died of diphtheria less than three years after
their marriage.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In 1862, she remarried to James Pollard, an Iowa
state senator, politician, and banker, gaining four step-children. Within eight
years, she and her second husband added four more children to the family, one
of whom died in infancy. This marriage may have been rocky: in 1877, Rebecca is
recorded as raising the children alone in Fort Madison, Iowa. James is
recorded as having lived until 1902; he died in Missouri.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bbxmXf5vPaM/VB4pZWsgA5I/AAAAAAAAAQw/xnsayTH_5tw/s1600/Pollards%2BSynthetic%2BSpeller%2B1896.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bbxmXf5vPaM/VB4pZWsgA5I/AAAAAAAAAQw/xnsayTH_5tw/s1600/Pollards%2BSynthetic%2BSpeller%2B1896.jpg" height="320" width="221" /></a><span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">She wrote several children’s books, and in 1889,
she developed and published a reading primer and a speller called <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Synthetic Methods</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>By the turn of the century, her reading
program, “The Pollard Series” school texts, with reading books, spellers, and
teachers’ manuals, was adopted by every state in the Union.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">What made her reading program unique was fueled
by her own teaching techniques and the observations she made from the results.
Preceding living history programming in today’s schools, Pollard had her
students learn American history by reenacting battle scenes with broomsticks.
She initiated the study of fractions by using apples. After observing means of learning
among children, she initiated a method to teach reading by developing the
students’ ability to hear, identify, and manipulate phenomes – the sounds of
syllables and words – and correspond them with the spelling patterns
(graphemes) of those syllables and words. This work was the forerunner of the
modern phonics system of study.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pollard also wrote poetry and a novel, under the
pseudonym Kate Harrington.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Maymie</i>, a book of poetry published in
1869, was a tribute to her daughter who died that year, only ten years old. In
1876, she published a second book of poetry, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Centennial, and Other Poems</i>, to commemorate the country’s 100<sup>th</sup>
birthday. The Centennial Exhibition in Philadelphia was the first world’s fair
held in the United States. Pollard included in this book selected poems written
by her father, and illustrations from the Exhibition.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Her novel, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Emma
Bartlett: or Prejudice and Fanaticism</i>, was a fictional response to <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Uncle Tom’s Cabin</i>, in which she exposes “the
hypocrisy of Know-Nothingism and the dogmatism of Abolitionism.” It was
published by “An American Lady” in 1856, copyrighted by “R. H. Smith” (as yet
unmarried), and met with mixed reviews, no doubt because of the volatile nature
of the subject. Booksellers often marketed these books to be sold as a pair.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">In addition to her essays, newspaper articles,
novels, poetry, textbooks, and children’s books, Pollard wrote hymns. She used
a number of pseudonyms besides “Kate Harrington,” including Ola and Gertrude
Atherton.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pollard died in Fort Madison, IA, on May 17, 1917.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">What rings a bell for me after studying this
little bit about Rebecca Smith Pollard is that a few poor Catholic nuns taught
me, using the phonics method when I was an elementary school student. This
system gave me an unshakable foundation in reading and writing, for which I am
eternally grateful. I don’t see that in most schools today, and it is a loss to
the students.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">The Pollard post in "The Writer's Almanac" rings another bell, too, for
she pioneered a hands-on approach to learning history, over one hundred years
before living historians and re-enactors like me began bringing history into
the classroom regularly as part of the modern education system’s cultural
enrichment programming. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DICAq2-RMdw/VB4rx-lQOJI/AAAAAAAAAQ8/Wtqvw-w2Q9U/s1600/DSC_0141.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-DICAq2-RMdw/VB4rx-lQOJI/AAAAAAAAAQ8/Wtqvw-w2Q9U/s1600/DSC_0141.JPG" height="260" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Building a model Civil War signal tower</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Imagine being able to talk to an historical
figure, famous or not, to ask him or her about clothing styles and
hearth-cooked meals three hundred years ago. Imagine the fun in learning how to
measure the school playground with an old-fashioned surveyor’s chain, and
calculating the distance using links and rods.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">As a living history presenter, there’s nothing
like the spark of passion that lights up a child’s eyes when he or she learns
history – or any subject - hands-on. We never had anything like this when I was
in school. I wish we had.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt;">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">SOURCES</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt;">
<span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“The Writer’s Almanac” for September 20, 2011 <span class="noteintro"><a href="http://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/index.php?date=2011/09/20">http://writersalmanac.publicradio.org/index.php?date=2011/09/20</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Biography for Rebecca Smith Pollard,
Pennsylvania Center for the Book </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><a href="https://secureapps.libraries.psu.edu/PACFTB/bios/biography.cfm?AuthorID=7837">https://secureapps.libraries.psu.edu/PACFTB/bios/biography.cfm?AuthorID=7837</a><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<span class="noteintro"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Kate Harrington: An American Lady,” Marie
Haefner, The Palimpsest 38 (April 1957), Iowa State Historical Dept., Div. of
the State Hist. Soc.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Kate Harrington (poet),” Wikipedia <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Harrington_%28poet%29">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Harrington_%28poet%29</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt;">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Rebecca Pollard: ‘An
American Lady’,” Grace Vyduna-Haskins, History of Reading News, Vol. XXV No. 1,
Fall 2001, pp. 6-7.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt;">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">A Literary History of
Iowa, Clarence A. Andrews, University of Iowa Press, Iowa City, IA, 1972.
Postscript at the end of Chapter 1: “Poet on the Prairie,” p. 5.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Reminiscences of Henri K. Pratt of Keokuk,”
Annals of Iowa: A Historical Quarterly, Vol. 5, Third<sup></sup> Series, ed. by
Charles Aldrich, Historical Dept. of Iowa, Des Moines, 1901-1903. p. 418.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt;">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">“Phonics,” Wikipedia <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonics">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonics</a></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="tab-stops: 22.5pt;">
<span class="noteintro"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Pollard and spelling book images taken from Wikipedia. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<br />
Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-47885117591006681812012-09-17T11:06:00.001-04:002012-09-17T11:06:27.106-04:00Happy Constitution Day! - September 17, 1787<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bLOTV5otzSU/UFc4pV2SfeI/AAAAAAAAAO0/6Z4C6uNeKjs/s1600/constitution.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="211" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-bLOTV5otzSU/UFc4pV2SfeI/AAAAAAAAAO0/6Z4C6uNeKjs/s320/constitution.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">It was on this day in 1787 that the Constitutional
Convention adopted The Constitution of the United States, which (after
ratification by the states) became the nation’s supreme governing document on
March 4, 1789.</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">September 17th is also called Citizenship Day, the day on
which most immigrants are officially sworn in as new U.S. citizens. Although
Constitution Day and Citizenship Day have been separately observed in various
states (and on different dates) for about 100 years, “Constitution Day and Citizenship
Day,” set as September 17th, became as a legal federal observance, with
legislation championed by Senator Robert Byrd (D-WV) in 2004.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The Articles of Confederation, an agreement among the
colonies drafted in 1777 and ratified in 1781, served as an intermediate
governing document for the new nation while it struggled for independence. After
the war, the Articles were found to be woefully inadequate, and the states
agreed that a constitution that would serve the nation well into the
foreseeable future was in order. The Constitutional Convention, made up of 55
delegates from all thirteen states, convened in the early summer of 1787 in
Philadelphia, and began work.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">During those summer months, the Convention crafted this document,
with long hours of wrangling debate and discourse over the best way for our new
nation to govern itself.<span> </span>They stifled in
the heat because the windows were usually kept closed. If they were open,
passersby on the street, pausing to listen, often couldn’t resist climbing into
the room and disturbing the delegates with their two-cents’ worth.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vT3VIZqvBN0/UFc4p7OheAI/AAAAAAAAAO8/HiqEbi8qUvA/s1600/georgeMason+-+Boudet+1811.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-vT3VIZqvBN0/UFc4p7OheAI/AAAAAAAAAO8/HiqEbi8qUvA/s200/georgeMason+-+Boudet+1811.jpg" width="181" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">George Mason, by Boudet, 1811</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">These delegates, made up of citizens from every walk of
life – rich and poor, merchant and planter, clergy and barrister – sacrificed much
of themselves for the benefit of their country. They strove mightily to
conceive a system that would protect and represent the citizens as individuals,
and provide for federal necessities greater than those which individual states
could provide, such as a standing army or foreign policy. </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">They deliberately set standards that would not favor specific
individuals, interests, or situations, seeking a balance that would stand the
test of time.<span> </span>They wanted a governing document
that did not have to be changed all the time.<span> F</span>or when change was necessary, they established measures which
require careful and extensive thought and debate from all angles, to make sure that changes
designed to solve one problem do not generate more problems.<span> <span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span> </span>They strove for a system
that applied equally, no matter how the nation developed, as cultural,
political, and economic systems fluctuated. </span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span></span>They designed the Constitution to regulate these
fluctuations, not be regulated by them.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zVc5f4HGl6w/UFc4opewfZI/AAAAAAAAAOs/KOfff7TGU0Y/s1600/bill-of-rights.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-zVc5f4HGl6w/UFc4opewfZI/AAAAAAAAAOs/KOfff7TGU0Y/s320/bill-of-rights.jpg" width="240" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">As soon as the Convention adopted it, Virginia delegate George
Mason objected that it did not address major issues of importance to protect the
American citizen with further federal checks and balances, such as the freedoms
of speech and religious pursuit, and the right to bear arms. He proposed a Bill
of Rights as a body of amendments to the Constitution, and refused to endorse
the Constitution until such rights were adopted. Since he was not a member of
Congress, he pushed James Madison to support the legislation required to enact
these amendments as part of the Constitution.<span>
</span>The Bill of Rights, the Constitution’s first ten amendments, ratified by
ten states, went into effect on December 15, 1791.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">This document’s resilience is remarkable. Time and again,
it proves applicable to issues of the present as readily as to issues of the
past. Is it a perfect
document? No. N</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">othing better, however, has ever been offered to any people anywhere. </span></span>It includes measures for amendments to rectify some of
its flaws, and many amendments have been added to the original Bill of
Rights.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Those who object to it either haven’t studied
it, or refuse to acknowledge the foresight of those who wrote it. (The document's existence gives objectors the right to object!) Those who
choose to interpret it to suit an agenda deny the careful and thoughtful work of
those delegates, who wrestled with issues as vital today as in 1787. It
behooves us to remember that these were intelligent, educated men, who wrote
what they meant, and meant what they wrote, with a surprisingly discerning eye
far beyond their own cultural, social, economic, and political limitations. </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Who are we to second-guess them?</span></span></div>
Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-31171786740941879002012-08-27T00:01:00.000-04:002012-08-27T23:01:38.125-04:00Birth of Hannibal Hamlin, Civil War Vice President - August 27, 1809<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RbKUyRgNh1k/UDu1VD-CH_I/AAAAAAAAAN0/Ylk61oUqhl8/s1600/Hamlin+-+LOC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-RbKUyRgNh1k/UDu1VD-CH_I/AAAAAAAAAN0/Ylk61oUqhl8/s200/Hamlin+-+LOC.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hannibal Hamlin (1809-1891)</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="WordSection1">
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;">Vice presidents rarely
cut any swath, and few people know much about them unless they succeed to the
Presidency. Because Lincoln had a
different vice president for his second term (Andrew Johnson who became
president on Lincoln’s death), his first VP, Hannibal Hamlin, has been all but
forgotten.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Hamlin was only six
months younger than Lincoln, born in Paris Hill, Maine, on August 27, 1809. He began practicing law in 1833 in Hampden,
Maine, a little south of Bangor, and married the same year. Politically, he favored the Jacksonian
Democrats. He served in the Maine State
Legislature from 1836 to 1841. He became
a member of the U. S. House of Representatives in 1842, which he held for two
terms. He served in the Maine State Legislature
again for about a year, then was elected to the U. S. Senate to fill a vacancy,
and won re-election to that office in 1851.
His term in the Senate coincided with Lincoln’s in the U. S. House of
Representatives, although they didn’t meet at that time. Hamlin was elected governor to the State of
Maine in 1856, but he resigned to remain in the Senate for another term. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">By this time,
his strong views on the abolition of slavery and the repeal of the Missouri
Compromise led him to withdraw formally from the Democrat Party. He turned to the new Republican Party, which
reflected his political views, and worked to build that party’s platform and
support. After helping to run campaigns
in 1860 to nominate Lincoln as the Republican Party’s presidential hopeful, he
was chosen as Lincoln’s running mate, and served one term as Vice
President. He left that office in 1865,
and enlisted in the U. S. Army as a private for the duration of the war (only a
few months). He held various private jobs until 1869, when he again became a U.
S. Senator, serving until 1881. With President
Garfield’s appointment, he served as Minister to Spain from 1881 to 1882. He died on the Fourth of July, 1891, in
Bangor, Maine, not quite two months short of his 82nd birthday. (1) A statue of him stands in the Capitol
Building in National Statuary Hall.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">This short
biography serves to illustrate the life of a man dedicated to public service,
with many years of experience in a variety of political positions. By 1860, Hamlin had achieved national renown
as a man of character and integrity, incorruptible, and strongly in favor of
the abolition of slavery without being violently radical.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Hamlin’s reputation
garnered the nomination for the Vice Presidency. He was a stronger abolitionist than Lincoln,
but was not as radical as some of the Republicans, including William Seward,
the party’s leader, whose abolition views were too strong for the palate of
most and, in effect, cut him from the race.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Campaign
organizers had a field day with Lincoln’s and Hamlin’s names. The two men were
obviously meant to be linked together: There was Hamlin, neatly inserted into “Abra<b>HAM</b> <b>LIN</b>coln.” This connection was used on campaign posters and banners
across the country. (1)</span></div>
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</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The </span><span style="font-size: small;">Republican
convention results – Lincoln for President – did not please everyone in any of
the four contending parties. In July of
1860, the Hon. James L. Orr of South Carolina stated that “Lincoln and Hamlin,
the Black Republican nominees, will be elected in November next, and the South
will then decide the great question whether they will submit to the domination
of Black Republican rule - .” (7) (It’s interesting to note that four months
before the elections, one Southern leader was quite sure of its results. Did
the South wish to lose the election, to give them an excuse to secede? See my
blog post about the secession chip that South Carolina had cultivated on its shoulder
since the country’s inception – “The Tariff of Abominations, May 13, 1828”.)</span><br />
</div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></div>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OliwNQ5YJlY/UDu0SrgArvI/AAAAAAAAANc/IzMr3JDtqq4/s1600/1860+Pol+Cartoon.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-OliwNQ5YJlY/UDu0SrgArvI/AAAAAAAAANc/IzMr3JDtqq4/s1600/1860+Pol+Cartoon.jpg" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">1860 Political Campaign Cartoon: The united, Republican Lincoln-Hamlin train</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;">bears down on the split Democrat Party, divided against itself.</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;">Lincoln and
Hamlin never met until December of 1860. Lincoln wrote to Hamlin two days after
the election, asking Hamlin to meet him in Chicago. There, in three days of very cordial
meetings, they began the arduous and often delicate task of organizing an
administration. (11) Lincoln was well
aware that his Cabinet appointments could sway an entire state toward or away
from secession, and he consulted with Hamlin and others extensively. Knowing he needed a New Englander in the
Cabinet, he asked Hamlin to propose a few candidates. Lincoln was looking specifically for a New
Englander to balance the Cabinet, “a man of Democratic antecedents.” (3, 5, 7) Of three reputable men whom Lincoln was
considering - Amos Tuck of New Hampshire, Nathaniel Banks of Massachusetts, and
Gideon Welles of Connecticut - Hamlin chose Welles, a Democrat whom Lincoln
made his Secretary of the Navy.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QwjB0IU-ALA/UDvk5MyhSCI/AAAAAAAAAOE/6G-Kf-Zr_ps/s1600/lincoln-and-hamlin-campaign-flag.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="220" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-QwjB0IU-ALA/UDvk5MyhSCI/AAAAAAAAAOE/6G-Kf-Zr_ps/s320/lincoln-and-hamlin-campaign-flag.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-size: small;">Lincoln was not
done with Hamlin yet. He sent Hamlin to
New York State to woo Seward personally into accepting the position of
Secretary of State in his Cabinet.
Seward was still licking the wound of his loss to Lincoln, quite a blow
to the noted leader of the Republican Party.
Lincoln’s hesitation in asking for Seward’s acceptance of the post,
which raised public speculation by the opposition press that Lincoln didn’t
really want Seward at all, exacerbated Seward’s feeling of rejection, but
Lincoln’s kind letters, one a formal request and the other a personal one
expressing friendship and explaining why he took so long to ask, mollified
Seward. He finally accepted, to the long-term benefit of both men and of the
country.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">By the end of
March, 1861, the Cabinet appointments were nearly complete. Horace Greeley, editor of the <u>New York
Tribune</u> who favored Lincoln, could not contain his delight at the
selections: “Yes, we <i>did</i>, by desperate fighting, succeed in getting five
honest and noble men into the Cabinet - by a fight that you never saw equaled
in intensity and duration ... by the determined courage and clearheaded
sagacity of Old Abe himself, powerfully backed by Hamlin, who is a jewel.” (10)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Of course,
secession of states began immediately after the November election. Only a month
into the new administration, the South fired upon Fort Sumter in Charleston,
South Carolina, and the war, so long speculated, was now a reality. Lincoln sent Hamlin to New York City to
monitor troop recruitments and movements (7), and </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">“to aid the leading men ... in formulating and executing
plans to defend the Union. ... By the time [Hamlin] got to New York, on
April 23, the city of Washington was threatened by rioting secessionist mobs in
Maryland. Hamlin set up headquarters ...
and talked with an endless line of people from all over the nation. When Washington was completely cut off from
the rest of the country for a short while, Hamlin was, in effect, at the head
of an emergency government.” (1)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Once controls
had been effected on Maryland and troops arrived in Washington City for its
defense and to build an army, Lincoln sent Hamlin back to Maine in May to help
raise troops. Hamlin himself attended
the recruiting camps. He found green
troops with no muskets for drill, so he pulled apart a picket fence and issued
the stakes to the men to use in learning their manual of arms. (1)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">The Congress
came back into session in July, and Hamlin returned to Washington.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Hamlin was
accustomed to vigorous political activity, from his years as state legislator,
state governor, U. S. Congressman, and U. S. Senator. He had been instrumental in the
administration’s early days, standing firm in crisis. Now, even though the war was all-consuming,
the administration’s day-to-day actions settled into a certain rhythm. The
mundane tasks of a Vice President, however, traditionally limited at best,
chafed Hamlin. He was capable of greater
challenges.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">He was not without
credibility: Lincoln relied on him heavily for advice, especially in matters of
emancipation and the use of Negro troops in the conduct of the war. Lincoln wanted him included in the councils
of government, and invited him to attend Cabinet meetings. Hamlin did so early on, but his attendance
gradually diminished. He felt that he
was an “unofficial consulting member,” (1) that unofficial status stifling his
wont to speak freely as an advisor in the meetings.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Hamlin began to
work behind the lines, using his position to strengthen his political
interests, quietly. So quietly that even
those who frequented the White House regularly failed to notice his activity,
and began to consider him a “non-entity.” (2)
His presence in the administration was so quiet that one of Lincoln’s
secretaries, William O. Stoddard, stated,</span></div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">I
do not now remember that I ever saw Vice President Hamlin at the White House,
though he may have been there a few times for all that. It seems that a sort of etiquette has been
established, in accordance with which it is not considered in good taste for
the second officer of the Republic to meddle much with public business, and
which, at all events, keeps him away from the Executive Mansion. It would be difficult to give a good reason why
he should not be numbered among the “constitutional advisors” of the President;
but the contrary custom seems to be pretty firmly established. (9)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">But he worked
on. No sooner had the First Battle of
Bull Run been fought (and lost) in July 1861, than he was in Lincoln’s office
with Senators Charles Sumner of Massachusetts and Zachariah Chandler of
Michigan, all three urging the President to make slavery the prime issue of the
war. Sumner pushed for emancipation to
allow recruitment of the Negroes into military service. Chandler believed in emancipation in
anticipation of the chaos it would cause throughout the South. Although Lincoln listened carefully, as he
always did, he declined the suggestions on the grounds that these actions were
premature. (11)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Hamlin was not
deterred. Lincoln was under pressure
from several fronts to do something about the slavery issue, including
Frederick Douglass. By June 1862,
Lincoln was considering different options by which to effect an emancipation
proclamation. He invited Hamlin to the
Soldiers’ Home, about three miles from the Executive Mansion where the Lincolns
spent the summer, to review an early draft of what was to become The
Emancipation Proclamation. They secreted
themselves behind the locked doors of the library, and Lincoln read the complex
document to Hamlin. Lincoln was
apprehensive of Hamlin’s criticism, knowing Hamlin’s vehemence on the subject,
but knowing that though Hamlin’s criticism could be harsh, it would be clear,
direct, and valuable. Hamlin listened,
and responded simply, “There is no criticism to be made.” (4)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">The Emancipation
Proclamation, released in September 1862 after a much needed Union victory in
the Battle of Antietam Creek, was very well received by many Northern leaders,
and it was hailed by newspapers across the country. But the issuance of the Proclamation and the
reality of what could be done were two different things. Several months passed, and to the Radical
Republicans (an active and vocal faction of the Republican Party), Lincoln did
not appear to be doing anything with the Proclamation, with the blacks, or with
slavery in general. After all, Lincoln
could make the proclamation freeing all slaves within those states and
territories currently in rebellion, but who would enforce this freedom?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Lincoln's continued
resistance to black enlistment, for a variety of reasons, prompted these
pro-abolitionists to approach Hamlin in early January 1863. They proposed to support him if he would run
against Lincoln in the 1864 Presidential campaign. Even as frustrated as he was himself with
Lincoln for not moving as fast as he would have liked on these issues, he
refused them, saying, “I am loyal to Lincoln, and it is our duty now to lay
aside our personal feelings and stand by the President.” (11) Lincoln’s stance was more moderate than his
own, but Hamlin recognized all along that Lincoln, in running a country at war,
was dealing with a larger picture than slavery alone, and had to move more
judiciously than many political factions may have liked. As he said much later, “I was more radical
than [Lincoln]. I was urging him; he was
holding back ... And he was the wiser probably, as events prove.” (1)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eiKQOlgXp6Y/UDwxFnw9oHI/AAAAAAAAAOU/PBqDBDq2HMY/s1600/black+CW+soldiers+-+Swords+to+Plowshares.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eiKQOlgXp6Y/UDwxFnw9oHI/AAAAAAAAAOU/PBqDBDq2HMY/s1600/black+CW+soldiers+-+Swords+to+Plowshares.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">(Tell me these men can't fight -)</span></span></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;">Hamlin’s next
move was to push for Negro enlistments.
Later in January, his son Cyrus, an army officer, came to him with a
list of eight or ten other officers who wanted to command black regiments. Hamlin took Cyrus and several of these
officers to Lincoln’s office to illustrate to the President that the idea of
the military use of Negroes was not universally denigrated among whites. Lincoln was impressed by the officers’
interest and belief in the ability of black soldiers, and partly as a result of
Hamlin’s visit, he finally approved the recruitment of blacks for military
service. (11) When he sent Hamlin to Secretary
of War Edwin Stanton to begin organizing recruitment, Stanton (also a staunch
abolitionist who had promoted the Union recruitment of black soldiers)
literally hugged Hamlin with joy upon learning of the White House’s endorsement.
(5)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="WordSection4" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Hamlin also used
his office to some degree to curry favors from the President, primarily in
assigning associates to various posts, and in assigning government contracts for
military supplies to New England businesses.
Hamlin generally went directly to Lincoln with his requests, including
those for military appointments. As a
result, he irritated Stanton no end, through whom Hamlin should have
worked. At Hamlin’s recommendation,
Lincoln endorsed putting the Chicopee [Massachusetts] Works into operation to
manufacture cannon. Hamlin also
requested that Lincoln appoint a Maine man as consul general of Canada. (7)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">For one who
receives little or no mention in most histories of Lincoln’s presidency, whom
Stoddard never saw in the White House and whom Noah Brooks (a newspaper
correspondent and friend of Lincoln’s) deemed a non-entity, somehow Hamlin’s
administrative presence by mid-war was beginning to wear. The reasons why he was “a jewel” in 1861 no
longer applied; the country had changed.
By the time of Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address in November 1863, when the
whole Lincoln family came down with a mild form of smallpox called varioloid,
it occurred to political movers and shakers that the President could die,
although in reality he was far from it.
(The administration had become almost immune to the regular onslaught of
assassination threats they received in the mail, and they had for some time
stopped considering these letters terribly threatening.) A general belief somehow grew into an urban myth,
that if Lincoln died, Hamlin could not measure up to the task, or perhaps
hungered too much for the office. (8) No
one seemed to remember that Hamlin’s political experience was far greater than
Lincoln’s. Stoddard in his journal seems
to reflect the attitude of the day when he says: “[Hamlin] would be President
if Mr. Lincoln should die, and there is no means by which you can form an
opinion of his capacity as dictator.” (9)
(This statement makes one wonder if Stoddard was a Union man; an
interesting observation from one who hardly remembered Hamlin’s presence in the
White House.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">When the
Republican National Convention convened in Baltimore in early June 1864 (4),
party leaders had several names to nominate for a new Vice President. They wanted to present a broader platform,
and felt that Hamlin made the ticket favor abolitionism too singularly. They and others repeatedly asked Lincoln for
his preference, if he wanted Hamlin to stay on or if he wanted to work with
someone new, but Lincoln consistently demurred, refusing to influence the
convention. If anything was clear,
Lincoln wanted the convention to decide for itself. (11) He believed that the convention should represent
the people in their choice. To this day,
no one conclusively knows whom Lincoln preferred, and it may be that he favored
each man for different but important qualities that they could bring to the
office. He knew and liked each man.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Andrew Johnson
of Tennessee was ultimately nominated, even by Hamlin’s Maine men, for the party
felt that Johnson represented strong portions of rebel states which had
remained loyal to the Union, eastern Tennessee being one of those regions. They also believed that Johnson’s Southern
roots might do much to mend relations between North and South after the war
ended, which was clearly in sight.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: small;">Lincoln, a
shrewd judge of men, knew of Hamlin’s dissatisfaction with the Vice Presidency,
which office Hamlin often referred to as “the fifth wheel of a coach.” (1) Although Hamlin wanted to remain, he now
found himself outside most political circles.
The position was not the pro-active role which he had come to relish as
a state legislator, governor, U. S. Congressman, and Senator. Perhaps if Hamlin had been more up-front
about wanting to keep the post, Lincoln might have gone to bat for him. But Hamlin didn’t, and Lincoln didn’t. But
Hamlin was probably torn between the potential of the office and the dismal
prospect of four more years of chafing at the bit (unaware, of course, of
Lincoln’s coming demise). On March 4, 1865, Vice President Hamlin rode in the
carriage on Pennsylvania Avenue to the Capitol and watched, somewhat disgruntled
by the situation, as Andrew Johnson was sworn in as the new Vice President.</span></div>
<div class="Level1">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Z4Wn-Bh-aEg/UDwxae9AyjI/AAAAAAAAAOc/8Wb-5YhuACQ/s1600/50+Penna+Inf+in+SC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="170" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Z4Wn-Bh-aEg/UDwxae9AyjI/AAAAAAAAAOc/8Wb-5YhuACQ/s400/50+Penna+Inf+in+SC.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;">In an interesting side note that
illustrates Hamlin’s personal integrity and staunch support of the Union, Hamlin
answered the bugle’s call. Very early on in the war, he had enlisted as a
private in Company A of Maine’s Coast Guards, a reserve force. In August 1864,
the Coast Guards were mustered to improve their organization should they be
called up. Although he could have requested exemption from service because of
his position, Hamlin refused, and joined the ranks in Kittery, performing his
duties as a rank private with the rest of the boys in blue. He was 56 years old,
a graybeard by any military standard, but he didn’t see that as an excuse to
shirk his duty. He served several weeks, through the completion of the unit’s
military exercises, after which he went on the campaign trail, stumping for
Lincoln and Johnson. (13)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;">BIBLIOGRAPHICAL RESOURCES</span></div>
<div class="Level1">
<span style="font-size: small;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Harwood, Michael. “In The Shadow of
Presidents: The American Vice-Presidency and Succession System.” Philadelphia,
New York: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1966.</span></div>
<div class="Level1">
<span style="font-size: small;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Brooks, Noah. “Lincoln Observed: The
Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks.” Michael Burlingame, ed. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1998.</span></div>
<div class="Level1">
<span style="font-size: small;">3.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Miers, Earl Schenck, ed. “Lincoln Day By
Day: A Chronology.” Dayton. Ohio: Morningside, 1991.</span></div>
<div class="Level1">
<span style="font-size: small;">4.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Kunhardt, Phillip B., Jr., Phillip B.
Kunhardt III, and Peter W. Kunhardt. “Lincoln: An Illustrated Biography.” New
York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1992.</span></div>
<div class="Level1">
<span style="font-size: small;">5.Hesseltine, William B. “Lincoln and the
War Governors.” New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1955.</span></div>
<div class="Level1">
<span style="font-size: small;">6.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Nicolay, John G., and John Hay. “Abraham
Lincoln: A History.” New York: The Century Company, 1890.</span></div>
<div class="Level1">
<span style="font-size: small;">7.Lincoln, Abraham. “The Collected Works of
Abraham Lincoln.” Roy P. Basler, ed. New
Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1953.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">
</span></div>
<div class="Level1" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">8.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Randall, J. G. “Lincoln The President:
Midstream.” New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1953.</span></div>
<div class="Level1" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">9.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Stoddard, William O. “Inside the White
House in War Times: Memoirs and Reports of Lincoln’s Secretary.” Michael
Burlingame, ed. Lincoln, Nebraska:
University of Nebraska Press, 2000.
(Stoddard’s edition printed in 1890.)</span></div>
<div class="Level1" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">10.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Nevins, Allan. “The Emergence of Lincoln,
Vol. II.” New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1950.</span></div>
<div class="Level1" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">11.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Donald, David Herbert. “Lincoln.” New
York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.</span></div>
<div class="Level1" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">12.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Dorman, Michael. “The Second Man: The
Changing Role of the Vice Presidency.” New York: Delacorte Press, 1968.</span></div>
<div class="Level1" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">13.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>Hamlin, Charles Eugene. “The Life and
Times of Hannibal Hamlin.” Cambridge: Riverside Press, 1899.</span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
</div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: auto;" />
</span>
</div>
Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-17219760535399536432012-08-04T23:59:00.004-04:002012-08-04T23:59:43.834-04:00BIRTH OF US COAST GUARD - August 4, 1790<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vku9OdyT3G0/UB3tGnGQTrI/AAAAAAAAANE/QHhr82Asnx0/s1600/USRCSlogosm.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vku9OdyT3G0/UB3tGnGQTrI/AAAAAAAAANE/QHhr82Asnx0/s200/USRCSlogosm.jpg" width="200" /></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Today, August 4, is the birthday of the U. S. Coast
Guard, which came into existence 222 years ago, in 1790.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">I have a couple of reasons for an interest in the USCG:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>My current employment is temporary contract work
on real property assessment of US Coast Guard assets.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; margin-left: 0in; text-indent: 0in;">
<span style="font-size: small;">2.<span style="-moz-font-feature-settings: normal; -moz-font-language-override: normal; font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size-adjust: none; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span>I am descended from lighthouse keepers, career
men in the U.S. Light House Service which merged with the U.S. Coast Guard in
1939. My paternal grandfather spent his childhood polishing the endless brass
implements, instruments, and tools associated with lighthouses and grew up to
hate brass. He went into a landlubber line of work – pharmacy – featuring
chrome, which doesn’t tarnish. His brothers, however, stuck with the
lighthouses.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">On August 4, 1790, George Washington signed the Coast
Guard into existence when he signed the 1790 Tariff Act, ordering ten revenue cutters
and establishing ports and districts throughout the states for the collection
of duties imposed on imported goods. This small fleet, an armed maritime law
enforcement service called the United States Revenue Marine, worked under the
Department of the Treasury.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DtFif5bAR_8/UB3tExUKfoI/AAAAAAAAAM8/mo4VeXuxbz8/s1600/USRC+Gallatin+1831+-+earliest+known+photo+of+a+cutter+1855.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-DtFif5bAR_8/UB3tExUKfoI/AAAAAAAAAM8/mo4VeXuxbz8/s1600/USRC+Gallatin+1831+-+earliest+known+photo+of+a+cutter+1855.jpg" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">USRC Gallatin (built 1831), 1855 photo</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">During the unrest between France and the United States
between 1798 and 1801, the Revenue Marine worked alongside the brand-new U.S.
Navy. created by the Naval Act of 1794 authorizing the construction of ships of
war. (Although the Constitution provided for the government to build and
maintain a navy, the small navy established during the American Revolution disappeared
by 1790. For nearly a decade, until the Navy’s new warships slid down the ways
in 1797, the Revenue Marine was the country’s only maritime defense.)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The Revenue Marine’s duties also included arresting America-bound
ships engaged in the trans-Atlantic slave trade, illegal in the U.S. after 1807.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The Revenue Marine was renamed the Revenue Cutter Service
by act of Congress on July 31, 1894.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-x8QzHCX7sYU/UB3vGhyACSI/AAAAAAAAANM/AsFrcT_M-4Q/s1600/District+Machinist+Fred+Morong,+Jr.+USLHS.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-x8QzHCX7sYU/UB3vGhyACSI/AAAAAAAAANM/AsFrcT_M-4Q/s1600/District+Machinist+Fred+Morong,+Jr.+USLHS.jpg" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">My great-uncle Fred Morong, District Machinist USLHS</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;">The U. S. Life-Saving Service came into official
existence with the signing of the Newell Act in 1848, the culmination of
private and local humanitarian efforts along our coasts. It was loosely
managed, with federal dollars often funding state and private organizations in
the construction and maintenance of unmanned life-saving stations along the
Atlantic coast.</span><span style="font-size: small;"> After a major hurricane
in 1854 which took the lives of many sailors, Congress appropriated funds to
provide full-time staff at many of these stations. The second half of the 19th
Century saw the construction and manning of hundreds of stations.</span><span style="font-size: small;"> By 1915, more than 270 of these stations – of
three categories: lifesaving, lifeboat, and houses of refuge - covered all of
the nation’s coastal waterways.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">After the <i>Titanic</i>
struck an iceberg in April 1912,</span><span style="font-size: small;"> the
International Ice Patrol was created to monitor icebergs in the North Atlantic.
The US part of this job fell to the USCG, a service which they maintain to this
day.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">It wasn’t until January 28, 1915, when President Woodrow
Wilson signed a Senate bill (S.2337) that these two services were combined into
what is called today the U. S. Coast Guard, still under the Treasury Dept. in
time of peace, but under the U.S. Navy in time of war.<br /></span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ksbp36IldcM/UB3tEStLIkI/AAAAAAAAAM0/eyTz303amCw/s1600/Escanaba_1965_in+No+Atlantic.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="230" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Ksbp36IldcM/UB3tEStLIkI/AAAAAAAAAM0/eyTz303amCw/s320/Escanaba_1965_in+No+Atlantic.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">CGC Escanaba in North Atlantic heavy seas, 1965</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<h4 style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="color: windowtext; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">The
Coast Guard motto is “Semper Paratus” (Latin for “always ready”).</span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: small;"> </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">Captain
Francis Saltus Van Boskerck, USCG, </span><span style="color: windowtext; font-size: small; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal;">wrote the words to this march in 1922; the music
came five years later.<br /> </span></h4>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">In 2003, the U.S. Coast Guard became part of the Department
of Homeland Security, where it is the largest branch of this department.</span><span style="font-size: small;"> It has seven basic missions: Search and
Rescue, Aids to Navigation, Ice Breaking and Ocean Science, Marine Inspection,
Law Enforcement, Military Readiness, and its motto, Semper Paratus: Always
ready!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Happy Birthday, United States Coast Guard!</span><span style="font-size: small;"> Semper Paratus!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">SOURCES</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">US Coast Guard: History <a href="http://www.uscg.mil/history/h_index.asp">http://www.uscg.mil/history/h_index.asp</a></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Wikipedia: United States Life-Saving Service <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Life-Saving_Service">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Life-Saving_Service</a></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Wikipedia: United States Revenue Cutter Service</span><span style="font-size: small;"> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Revenue_Cutter_Service</a>
</span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Photos also from USCG website.</span></div>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-916464202549226402012-07-01T19:29:00.000-04:002012-07-01T19:29:15.269-04:00THE LITTLE BOOK WITH A BIG LEGEND<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pFLpDbu-s_0/T_DcFQNk_kI/AAAAAAAAAMo/zCMLb4yD9Zg/s1600/images.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pFLpDbu-s_0/T_DcFQNk_kI/AAAAAAAAAMo/zCMLb4yD9Zg/s1600/images.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">William Strunk, Jr.</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="noteintro1">One of the most dog-eared books in our
household when I was a child was Strunk and White’s <i>The Elements of Style</i>. As my siblings and I progressed through our
school-years, my mother consistently pushed this book in front of us as we sat
down to our book reports and term papers. Some of us took the book to heart
more than others, I more so</span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span><span class="noteintro1"> perhaps</span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">,</span></span><span class="noteintro1"> than my four brothers.</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="noteintro1">It’s a little book,</span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> half the size of a sheet
of paper,</span></span><span class="noteintro1"> 71 pages</span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">. It</span></span><span class="noteintro1"> stress</span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">es</span></span><span class="noteintro1"> clarity, simplicity, and directness in writing. I would not be without
it. To this day, whenever I find a copy at a yard sale, it goes home with me. I
always </span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">can
</span></span><span class="noteintro1">find a fellow writer who needs a copy. If I had to
choose only three or four books from my writing resource library to take with
me into exile, <i>The Elements of Style</i>
would be one of them.</span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Its
original author, William Strunk, Jr., was born on this day, July 1, 1869, the eldest
child (of four surviving) of William and Ella Garretson Strunk, in Cincinnati,
OH</span></span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, where he spent his childhood</span></span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">.</span></span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> He earned a Bachelor’s Degree from University of Cincinnati in 1890, and
</span></span>a PhD at Cornell University in 1896. He
furthered his education in 1898–99 at the Sorbonne and the Collège de France,
where he studied morphology and philology.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Strunk spent a year teaching
mathematics at Rose Polytechnical Institute in Terre Haute, IN, before joining
the staff at Cornell, where he remained for 46 years. He taught English, finding
a particular interest in classical and non-English literature.<span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;"> He began publishing in 1922 – works of analysis, critical essays, and compilations
and critical editions of the works of James Fenimore Cooper, Dryden, and
Shakespeare.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">A favorite group among the literary at
Cornell was The Manuscript Club. This informal, Saturday-night gathering of
students and professors with a bent toward writing soon engaged Strunk. It was
here that he met Elwyn Brooks White, a student whom he mentored, and whose name
eventually became inextricably linked with Strunk: E. B. White.<span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;"></span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dJFBKNllj-8/T_DcDbz9HWI/AAAAAAAAAMg/2rc5_0LsxEA/s1600/Elements.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-dJFBKNllj-8/T_DcDbz9HWI/AAAAAAAAAMg/2rc5_0LsxEA/s320/Elements.jpg" width="197" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">My 1959 1st Printing of "Strunk & White"</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">After some years in the classroom,
Strunk realized that his students could benefit if he collected into one
document the writing and grammar tips and techniques which he promoted in
class. He did so, privately publishing<i> The
Elements of Style</i> in 1918. Strunk used this guide in his classes
thenceforth, and the students soon referred to it as “the little book.” Strunk
teamed up with Edward A. Tenney in 1935 for a revised edition, named <i>The Elements and Practice of Composition</i>.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Strunk
retired in 1937. He had married Olivia Emilie Locke in 1900, and they had three
children, among them the noted musicologist Oliver Strunk. In 1945, he </span></span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">was diagnosed with a mental illness</span></span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, and died the next year at the Hudson River
Psychiatric Institute in Poughkeepsie, NY.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">His
legacy to literature</span></span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">, however,
remained behind. E. B. White, whose passion for the written word had drawn him
into journalism once out of college, did not forget the kindness and
helpfulness of his mentor. Nor did he forget “the little book.” White praised
Strunk’s guide in his <i>New Yorker</i>
column of July 27, 1957, for its dedication to “cleanliness, accuracy, and
brevity in the use of English,” all in only 43 pages. Macmillan and Company
noticed White’s review, and commissioned him to revise <i>The Elements of Style</i> for republication. White expanded and
modernized the 1935 edition, which promptly sold over 2 million copies.
Ultimately, between 1959 and 1999, over 10 million copies, in three editions,
have sold.</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">“The little book,” also referred
to as “Strunk & White,” has become something of a cult icon among
wordsmiths. Debate over standard English grammar ebbs and flows, and always
will, an inevitability with any living language. </span></span>In his book <i>Stylized: A Slightly Obsessive History of
Strunk & White’s The Elements of Style</i>, Mark Garvey, a self-professed Strunk & White enthusiast, posits:<span id="goog_1033263702"></span><span id="goog_1033263703"></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">“True believers have always felt something more, an extra
dimension that has likely been a fundamental source of the book’s success all
along: As practical as it is for helping writers over common hurdles, <i>The Elements of Style</i> also embodies
a worldview, a philosophy that, for some, is as appealing as anything either
author ever managed to get down on paper. <i>Elements
of Style</i> is a credo. And it is a book of promises — the promise
that creative freedom is enabled, not hindered, by putting your faith in a few
helpful rules; the promise that careful, clear thinking and writing can
occasionally touch truth; the promise of depth in simplicity and beauty in
plainness; and the promise that by turning away from artifice and ornamentation
you will find your true voice.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">In this day of “anything goes,” it is refreshing to me that
there are still people out there who find that a few basic rules and principles
promote or enhance, rather than hinder or stifle, understanding in
communication.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Thank you, Mr. Strunk.
Thank you, Mr. White. And thank you, Mr. Garvey.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">SOURCES</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">Wikipedia:
William Strunk, Jr. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strunk,_Jr">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Strunk,_Jr</a>.
</span></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;">FindAGrave: William Strunk, Jr. </span></span><span class="noteintro1"><span style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=80478034">http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=80478034</a>
</span></span></span></div>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-55559327760796055682012-06-08T22:50:00.000-04:002012-06-08T22:50:09.998-04:00MRS. FIELDS MUST HAVE SERVED A FEW COOKIES<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MYXNe6HyeeQ/T9K45ZY407I/AAAAAAAAAL8/gNxXt6T46EE/s1600/AA+Fields+by+JS+Sargent.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-MYXNe6HyeeQ/T9K45ZY407I/AAAAAAAAAL8/gNxXt6T46EE/s1600/AA+Fields+by+JS+Sargent.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">John Singer Sargent's portrait of Annie Fields</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">I recently acquired a biography of James T. Fields, the
Boston publisher who printed the works of most of America’s great writers of
the 19<sup>th</sup> Century. The fly-leaf of the book states that his second
wife, Annie Adams Fields, was Boston’s greatest hostess of the day. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">It occurred to me that perhaps the currently popular “Mrs.
Fields’ Cookies” might have originated from this famous hostess (after all, Dolley
Madison has cakes named after her because of her renown as a hostess, so this
idea wasn’t so far-fetched). I looked it up, but there is no relation. The “Mrs.
Fields” of cookie fame is a contemporary American woman by the name of Fields,
who started her chocolate-chip cookie business in 1977.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">But the 19<sup>th</sup> Century Mrs. Fields is an
interesting person in her own right. Born in Boston on June 6, 1834, she
married James Thomas Fields, a widower, in 1854. The match was quite suitable –
she had literary interests and skills to match those of her husband, whose firm
– Ticknor and Fields – was the most distinguished publisher’s imprint in
America. Fields consulted with his wife about the selection of works that he
was considering for publication; he valued her judgment and was concerned with
her point of view, as representative of that of the American woman. A deep love
and respect grew between Annie and her romantic “Jamie.”</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rcMHGROKjbw/T9K45_6H5cI/AAAAAAAAAME/AeDNZmsLIyg/s1600/James+T+Fields.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rcMHGROKjbw/T9K45_6H5cI/AAAAAAAAAME/AeDNZmsLIyg/s200/James+T+Fields.jpg" width="125" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">James T. Fields</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">James, who was also editor of <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i> for some time, wooed authors from all over the
country, and Annie entertained them in their home. Annie not only nurtured
these literary figures for intellectual benefit, but she also provided
considerable support to those with talent. Her encouragement meant much to
those who received it.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">James, whose firm associated with Boston’s Old Corner
Bookstore which came to be known by its patrons as “Parnassus Corner,”
established close business relationships with the likes of Longfellow, Oliver
Wendell Holmes, Whittier, James Russell Lowell, Emerson, Thoreau, Julia Ward
Howe, Thomas Bailey Aldrich, Harriet Beecher Stowe, and Bret Harte. Business is
often sealed with <i>bonhomie</i>, and these
people regularly engaged in social intercourse at the Fields’ home on Charles
Street, known for the finest in hospitality.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Ticknor and Fields also published internationally famous
authors, and these writers attended Annie’s soirees and salons as well. Among
them were Tennyson, Browning, Kingsley, Charles Reade, Thackeray, and Dickens.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">A party at the Fields’ house must have been quite an
affair. Imagine a parlor game of charades with the likes of Dickens and
Hawthorne!</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IZyY_Agg8Kw/T9K46HUDxUI/AAAAAAAAAMM/NUerLFLOdbQ/s1600/OldCornerBookstore.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-IZyY_Agg8Kw/T9K46HUDxUI/AAAAAAAAAMM/NUerLFLOdbQ/s1600/OldCornerBookstore.JPG" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Old Corner Bookstore in Boston</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Annie’s ability was not limited to hospitality. She was
interested in women’s issues. She was a writer, a philanthropist, and a social reformer.
She supported abolition and the women’s right to vote movement. She held that “women’s
emancipation” could be achieved in a context of traditional women’s roles and cultural
femininity. She compiled a biography of Harriet Beecher Stowe despite the
controversy over the “the little woman who wrote the book that started this
great [civil] war” (as Lincoln greeted Stowe in 1862). She founded the Holly
Tree Inns, coffeehouses which served affordable, nutritious meals, and the
Lincoln Street Home which provided safe, inexpensive lodging for single working
women.<span> </span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Of her writing: she wrote poetry and plays, and edited
collections of letters and diaries.<span> </span>She
is currently best known for her short biographical sketches, considered sharp
and decisive portraits, of leading literary figures from both sides of the
Atlantic.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">After James died in 1881, Annie remained active in the
literary world. During her husband’s life, she had become good friends with
Sarah Orne Jewett of South Berwick, Maine, whose works James had published. Jewett
had become her closest friend, and the two of them lived together until Sarah’s
death in 1909.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Annie Adams Fields died on January 5, 1915.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">SOURCES</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">“Parnassus Corner: A Life of James T. Fields, Publisher
to the Victorians,” W. S. Tryon (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company) 1963.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Wikipedia: Annie Adams Fields <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Adams_Fields">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Adams_Fields</a></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Matt & Andrei Koymasky: The Living Room: Biographies <a href="http://andrejkoymasky.com/liv/fam/biof1/fields01.html">http://andrejkoymasky.com/liv/fam/biof1/fields01.html</a></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">American Literary Blog: Birth of Annie Adams Fields <a href="http://americanliteraryblog.blogspot.com/2011/06/birth-of-annie-adams-fields.html">http://americanliteraryblog.blogspot.com/2011/06/birth-of-annie-adams-fields.html</a></span>
</div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>IMAGES</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Painting of Annie
Adams Fields by John Singer Sargent, Boston Athenaeum Fine Arts Collection</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span>Old Corner
Bookstore, location of Ticknor & Fields, courtesy of Wikipedia</span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Wikimedia: James T. Fields <a href="http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_T_Fields_albumen.jpg">http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:James_T_Fields_albumen.jpg</a></span>
</div>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-61762850500808121282012-05-07T21:46:00.000-04:002012-05-07T21:46:06.957-04:00“OLD IRONSIDES” A REBEL SHIP? - May 8, 1861<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-N7fizkkaPOs/T6h5AfzSniI/AAAAAAAAALg/Bo-TFlIyiJs/s1600/George+S+Blake.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-N7fizkkaPOs/T6h5AfzSniI/AAAAAAAAALg/Bo-TFlIyiJs/s320/George+S+Blake.jpg" width="207" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">George Smith Blake</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: small;">When the Civil War erupted in April 1861, Captain George
S. Blake studied the position of the U.S. Naval Academy (USNA) in Annapolis,
MD, and quickly realized that the school was indefensible should the rebels
attack it. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">According to a <i>New
York Times</i> article “Early Days of the War,” published on January 13, 1897, USNA
Superintendent Blake wrote to Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, pointing out
the weaknesses of the school’s position. Maryland, wavering over secession, had
a strong pro-South population; ripples of unrest throughout Maryland became
quite strong after Fort Sumter had surrendered; rebel sympathizers in Annapolis
began to proclaim publicly that the USS <i>Constitution</i>
(then a training ship at the academy) should be the first ship of war to hoist
the flag of the Confederacy; the only forces Blake had at command were his
students, most of whom were little boys, and many of whom were citizens of the
seceded states. To add to Blake’s problems, the telegraph office was operated
by rebel-friendly hands, compromising Blake’s communications with Welles; everything
sent by wire was reported to a local secession committee.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Blake proposed that should the USNA come under attack, he
would render useless the guns onshore, destroy any ammunition that he couldn’t
take with him, embark the students on the USS <i>Constitution</i>, and either defend the ship in the harbor or sail to
Philadelphia or New York.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Welles responded shortly with a missive to “defend the
Constitution at all hazards. If it cannot be done, destroy her.” The rebel navy
was new and small, and such a prize as "Old Ironsides," old but quite seaworthy,
would be quite a feather in the Confederate Navy’s cap.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Wo0wzl43NJM/T6h5tRj0TrI/AAAAAAAAALw/qH4tCH8FZog/s1600/General_View_of_the_Naval_Academy,_Annapolis,_Maryland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="206" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-Wo0wzl43NJM/T6h5tRj0TrI/AAAAAAAAALw/qH4tCH8FZog/s320/General_View_of_the_Naval_Academy,_Annapolis,_Maryland.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">US Naval Academy, Annapolis, 1853</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: small;">Blake received orders on April 27, 1861, to transfer the
academy to Newport, RI. Immediately, the whole school set about to load "Old
Ironsides" with the “library, instruments, philosophical apparatus, the naval
trophies in the lyceum, and other property.” The students, instructors, and
staff stowed their personal gear, and the old War of 1812 frigate sailed away. On
May 8, 1861, the famous vessel cruised into Newport Harbor, RI, where she remained
for the duration of the war. On May 13, Captain Blake reported the successful transfer
of the school to Secretary Welles.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Early on during her Newport residence, "Old Ironsides"
served not only as a training ship but as mess hall, classrooms, and housing
for the students. As the war progressed, the Navy soon recognized that onshore
housing and facilities were necessary, and Blake was instructed to organize
this.<span> </span>Soon, various hotels were leased
to serve as administrative offices, classrooms, and quarters for some of the
students.<span> </span>Those students (upperclassmen)
lucky enough to live onshore referred to their quarters as “Paradise” and those
unlucky enough (underclassmen) to remain on board the school ships referred to
their quarters as “Purgatory.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">John Pentangelo, in his Civil War Navy Sesquicentennial
blog, offers a first-person account by Park Benjamin of the Class of 1867 of living
conditions in Purgatory: “Nothing could be more desolate than the outlook to
the ‘plebe’ whose first experience brought him to these school-ships. During
the day he sat and studied at one of the desks, long rows of which extended up
and down the gun-deck, and occasionally marched ashore to the windy recitation
rooms, where he contracted bad colds along with knowledge of arithmetic. The
commissary department was always more or less out of gear, and the meals eaten
in the blackness of the berth-deck by the light of a few ill-smelling oil lamps
were wretched.”</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eERdAfWglTA/T6h5XVHOmNI/AAAAAAAAALo/yBNJgqcI1w4/s1600/constitution+sail+plan.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="208" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-eERdAfWglTA/T6h5XVHOmNI/AAAAAAAAALo/yBNJgqcI1w4/s320/constitution+sail+plan.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">USS <i>Constitution</i> - sail plan</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-size: small;">One of the other school ships was <i>The America</i>, the first America’s Cup winner.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Although the USNA returned to Annapolis in August 1865,
the Navy had spent enough time in Newport to realize the value of the place for
maritime activity. The Navy subsequently located a torpedo-testing laboratory
on Goat Island in the harbor, and built the Naval Training Station in
Newport.<span> </span>The Naval War College was
established there as well. For decades, Newport was a major port for Navy
ships.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">SOURCES</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">The Civil War Navy Sesquicentennial Blog - “Annapolis
Comes to Newport,” by John Pentangelo, May 6, 2011 <span> </span><a href="http://civilwarnavy150.blogspot.com/2011/05/annapolis-comes-to-newport.html">http://civilwarnavy150.blogspot.com/2011/05/annapolis-comes-to-newport.html</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">12 Meter Charters, Newport, RI<span> </span><a href="http://www.12metercharters.com/newportsailing.asp">http://www.12metercharters.com/newportsailing.asp</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">“Early Days of the War: Removal of Naval Academy from
Annapolis,” New York Times, January 13, 1897.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">United States Naval Academy: Naval Academy Band: History <span> </span><a href="http://www.usna.edu/USNABand/history.htm">http://www.usna.edu/USNABand/history.htm</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">CNIC//Naval Station Newport: History<span> </span><a href="http://www.cnic.navy.mil/Newport/About/History/index.htm">http://www.cnic.navy.mil/Newport/About/History/index.htm</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">PHOTOS</span></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">George S. Blake: <a href="http://navy.togetherweserved.com/usn/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=550497">http://navy.togetherweserved.com/usn/servlet/tws.webapp.WebApp?cmd=ShadowBoxProfile&type=Person&ID=550497</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">US Naval Academy lithograph: “View of the Naval Academy,”
<i>New York Illustrated News</i>, March
1853.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNoSpacing">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">USS Constitution sail plan: Department of the Navy </span></span><a href="http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/c13/constitution.htm"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/c13/constitution.h</span></span>tm</a></div>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-69876232089869138692012-04-16T18:07:00.000-04:002012-04-16T18:07:33.588-04:00BIRTH OF GAS TURBINE INVENTOR – April 20, 1860<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XKBMZRSRdIY/T4yQS3ERsZI/AAAAAAAAALQ/JacWLl_1CWE/s1600/Charles_Gordon_Curtis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-XKBMZRSRdIY/T4yQS3ERsZI/AAAAAAAAALQ/JacWLl_1CWE/s1600/Charles_Gordon_Curtis.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Charles Gordon Curtis (1860-1953)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="srtitle"><span>Charles Curtis crosses our path again, but this is not the Native American Vice President I wrote about last month.<span> </span>This time, it’s Charles Gordon Curtis, who must have been camera-shy, for I find only a couple of photographs of him available online.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="srtitle"><span>Charles Gordon Curtis was born in Boston, MA, on April 20, 1860. He received a degree in civil engineering in 1881 from Columbia University. He then received a law degree in 1883 from the New York Law School, after which he spent 8 years in patent law. His engineering interests superseded his law interests in 1891, when he left his law practice and organized the C&C Electrical Motor Company which manufactured electric motors and fans.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="srtitle"><span>He was intrigued by steam power, and began studying the steam turbine design developed by Swedish engineer Gustav de Laval in 1882, as well as those of A. C. E. Rateau (French), and Charles A. Parsons (British). Curtis saw limitations in previous designs, primarily in velocity compounding, which was the loss in speed (and therefore power) of the steam as it passed from inlet to outlet, reducing the machine’s efficiency. Curtis believed that he could develop a model to circumvent this problem. He patented his idea in 1896, but then had to find some big financial backing to develop the machine. After refusals from several companies, Curtis finally received interest in 1897 from Edwin W. Rice, then vice-president of manufacturing and engineering for General Electric Company (an up-and-coming company that was incorporated only five years earlier). In the agreement between Curtis and G. E., Curtis received the facilities, resources, and staff to develop his steam turbine, and G. E. had the rights to manufacture it.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="srtitle"><span>It took several models, several tests, and several years, with setbacks and failures typical to product development, before the first practical, commercially viable Curtis steam turbine came off the production line in 1901, under the supervision of William Le Roy Emmet, a newly assigned production engineer previously in charge of G.E.’s Lighting Department.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DWw-9ys7bzs/T4ySVvm6LeI/AAAAAAAAALY/IPbAnsRfHYk/s1600/patent+sketch.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-DWw-9ys7bzs/T4ySVvm6LeI/AAAAAAAAALY/IPbAnsRfHYk/s400/patent+sketch.jpg" width="251" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;">US Patent Office - Patent No. </span><span style="font-size: small;">635,919</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="srtitle"><span>First, the Curtis 500-kW turbine was produced, followed by the Curtis 1500-kW, 5000-kW, and 15,000-kW turbines. Emmet developed and produced several models, many of which were still in use at various facilities throughout the country as late as 1990. The most efficient models were vertical, </span></span>requiring one-tenth the space and weighing one-eighth as much as machines they replaced. <span class="srtitle"><span>Because these steam turbines generated tremendous power in a small space, they shoved into obsolescence the commonly used reciprocating steam engines previously available. They were foremost in </span></span>stimulating the growth of modern electrical generation in large central stations nationwide.<span class="srtitle"><span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="srtitle"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Meanwhile, having met his commitment to G. E., Curtis went his way, and began work on the natural gas-powered turbine, which he patented in 1899 (Patent No. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">US 635,919)<span class="srtitle"><span>. This was the first gas turbine design in the country, and Curtis soon had an efficient, functioning machine commercially available. (Only two gas turbine designs around the world preceded his, one in 1791 in England, and one in 1872 in Germany. Neither was developed into a successful machine.) Over the next thirty years, he continued to apply improvements to this generator, as well as to the steam turbine. He is also credited for developing the propulsion mechanism used for certain naval torpedoes, and </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">held many patents for diesel-engine improvements.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="srtitle"><span>Curtis consulted with many inventors and engineers of his day, including Thomas A. Edison and Hungarian-born mechanical engineer Paul Henry Schweitzer, who taught engineering at Pennsylvania State College from 1923 to 1980.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The website for The American Society of Mechanical Engineers states: “In 1910 [Curtis] was awarded the Rumford Premium by the American Academy for Arts & Sciences, for his improvement of the steam turbine. He received the first annual award from ASME’s Gas Turbine Power Division in 1948. In 1950 he received the Holley Medal from ASME, also for his gas turbine work.”<span class="srtitle"><span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="srtitle"><span>Curtis died at age 92 on March 10, 1953, in Central Islip, a community on Long Island, NY. (There is no information readily available online as to whether or not he left any family behind.)</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span class="srtitle"><span>SOURCES</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Brittanica Online <a href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/147170/Charles-Gordon-Curtis"><span>http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/147170/Charles-Gordon-Curtis</span></a><span class="srtitle"><span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="background: none repeat scroll 0% 0% white; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="color: black;"><br />
Answers.com: Charles Gordon Curtis <span> </span></span><a href="http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-gordon-curtis#ixzz1sEOyp3yB"><span style="color: #003399;">http://www.answers.com/topic/charles-gordon-curtis#ixzz1sEOyp3yB</span></a><span style="color: black;"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wikipedia: Gas Turbine<span> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine#cite_note-2">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_turbine#cite_note-2</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><span style="font-size: small;">ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers: Charles Gordon Curtis: <a href="http://www.asme.org/about-asme/history/biographies/a-d-biographies/curtis,-charles-gordon">http://www.asme.org/about-asme/history/biographies/a-d-biographies/curtis,-charles-gordon</a></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">“The First 500-Kilowatt Curtis Vertical Steam Turbine, An International Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark,” July 23, 1990, Indianapolis Power & Light Company, E. W. Stout Generating Station, Indianapolis, IN, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47<sup>th</sup> Street, New York, NY 10017.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Smithsonian Institution Archives <a href="http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/">http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/</a><span class="MsoHyperlink"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Photo courtesy of Wikipedia.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Patent sketch from U. S. Patent Office.</span></div>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-36692714578507385472012-04-09T17:28:00.000-04:002012-04-09T17:28:54.654-04:00Charlie Grant (1923-2012), WWII Veteran, Musician<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Early last evening, Easter Sunday, Charlie Grant, fifer and WWII veteran (among other things), went to his great reward, quietly and peacefully. I had visited with him a week ago Saturday, and found him ready to go, whenever the Lord decided to call him. He undoubtedly had a grand reunion last night with his beloved wife Elaine, whom he missed greatly after she passed away in 2006. Charlie would have been 89 in two weeks.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Below is profile about Charlie which I wrote five years ago, published in the "Ancient Times" (a fife-&-drum quarterly) in 2008. I hope you will enjoy this little tribute to an outgoing man with simple tastes and a keen ear for music.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">It was a deep privilege for me that Charlie called me 'friend.' We met at the American Legion Post 208 in Millis, MA, on Memorial Day 2006, when he heard me playing the fife. Being a fifer himself, he was drawn to the sound like a moth to the flame. After that, I visited him often, gaining more from his friendship than I will ever realize.</span></div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"> </span><div><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; font-size: small;"><br />
</span> <div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Go well, my dear friend. </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:TargetScreenSize>800x600</o:TargetScreenSize> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PRvn_XAdzFQ/T4NSIs34UnI/AAAAAAAAALA/j7xhHYk7fdc/s1600/Charles+Grant-2+5-28-07.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-PRvn_XAdzFQ/T4NSIs34UnI/AAAAAAAAALA/j7xhHYk7fdc/s320/Charles+Grant-2+5-28-07.JPG" width="240" /></a><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span>RETIRED FIFER RESURFACES AT MENOTOMY’S MIDWINTER MADNESS MUSTER</span></b></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1027"/> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext="edit"> <o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> <div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Pushing 85, Charlie Grant of Millis was the eldest at Menotomy’s Midwinter Madness Fife & Drum Jam Session in February 2008.<span> </span>A constant melody in the opus of his life, music has been Charlie’s steadfast delight since childhood.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Born Charles H. Grant in 1923, the budding musician had drumsticks in his hands by age nine.<span> </span>His grandmother’s front steps, seat backs at the theater, fence railings along Boston sidewalks - all became makeshift drumheads.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>In the 1930s, at Thompson Academy in Boston Harbor, Charlie learned brass - trumpet, tuba, French horn, and trombone.<span> </span>He worked as a shipping clerk at Conn Music Store in Boston, and sat in as a drummer when the dance bands then in town came into the shop to practice.<span> </span>These lunchtime jam sessions resulted in invitations to play gigs.<span> </span>He was often the only amateur in the orchestras of Gene Cooper, Len Gray, Artie Shaw, Vaughan Monroe, and Louie Prima.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>At 17, Charlie joined the army, eight months before the United States entered World War II.<span> </span>In four years, he served in thirteen camps worldwide with several units.<span> </span>With the 11<sup>th</sup> Airborne Division, he fought in the Philippines in February 1945, engaging in Manila’s bizarre Battle of Rizal Stadium where the Japanese fought through the dugouts of the new baseball stadium.<span> </span>The 11<sup>th</sup> Airborne was among the first Allied forces to land in Tokyo Bay in August 1945.<span> </span>In Tokyo on September 5th, Charlie’s band welcomed the 1<sup>st</sup> Cavalry Division (proudly but perhaps erroneously billed as “First in Tokyo”) with “The Old Gray Mare.”</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Service in the US Army proved an accompaniment to his music.<span> </span>Besides military duties, Charlie “doubled in brass” in the 33<sup>rd</sup> Infantry Band, playing more than one instrument, and by age 19, was assigned as Drum Major.<span> </span>President Franklin D. Roosevelt visited the army hospital in Trinidad in January 1943 during Charlie’s tenure as Drum Major.<span> </span>FDR himself singled Charlie out, asking him several questions, shaking his hand and bestowing compliments on the band.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>After the war, Charlie and his first wife started a family that grew to four children, a marriage which lasted thirteen years.<span> </span>In 1959, he re-married to Elaine Barry, sharing 47 years until her death in 2006, a union that produced two more children.<span> </span>Professionally, Charlie worked for Cliquot Club, Pepsi Cola, Owens, and JNS Medical.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Socially active, Charlie has been in the American Legion most of his adult life, earlier commanding the Norwood post, now in Millis, where he serves on the executive board.<span> </span>A Shriner as well, he serves his Masonic Lodge steadily, again in an executive role.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>In 1960, he re-organized a struggling Boy Scout drum-&-bugle corps into The Knightsmen of Millis.<span> </span>He promised to fire these kids with enough passion to win the state championship within five years, a tall order in that highly competitive field.<span> </span>He fulfilled this promise, only to have to quit the group shortly thereafter for health reasons.<span> </span>Sadly, no one with Charlie’s leadership, skills, and drive was available to take charge, and the corps soon disbanded.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>In 1973, amid Bicentennial fervor, Charlie joined the Millis Medway Company of Militia where he learned the fife, soon his favorite instrument.<span> </span>He served 12 years as Music Master with the Concord Minutemen, when that corps mustered over 200 strong, impressive by any standards.<span> </span>One event at the Military Academy at West Point swelled Charlie’s heart with pride when as Music Master, he proudly led the Fifes and Drums of the Concord Minutemen onto the field.<span> </span>The powerful performance dazzled the Cadets, who had never before seen its like.<span> </span>Their roar of approval deafened the corps.<span> </span>Charlie also achieved a small personal goal that day, albeit abridged from the original dream that his father had had for him: although not as a Cadet, Charlie had finally made it to West Point.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Charlie also played with the Sudbury Ancients, and with the Shriners’ fife-&-drum corps, one of their 13 parade units.<span> </span>His favorite tunes include <i>Balquidder Lasses</i>, <i>Downfall of Paris</i>, and <i>White Cockade, </i>and he especially loves tunes with harmonies.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>In the 1990s, Charlie’s eyesight began to fail, as well as the health of his wife Elaine.<span> </span>Charlie devoted himself to her care, philosophically putting his fife into mothballs.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>But his musical retirement was not the finale he had believed.<span> </span>On Memorial Day in 2006, as he enjoyed breakfast at the American Legion before ceremonies, the shrill notes of a fife drew him outside like a magnet.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MqCmNiVx8SY/T4NSGsAtROI/AAAAAAAAAK8/3MDWnAivl2Q/s1600/C+Grant+&+13th+Mass-sharp-4x6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="223" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-MqCmNiVx8SY/T4NSGsAtROI/AAAAAAAAAK8/3MDWnAivl2Q/s320/C+Grant+&+13th+Mass-sharp-4x6.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Charlie Grant, center, with 13th Mass drummers and fifers</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>“Who is playing the fife?” he asked as he approached the source of music.<span> </span>Sam Chetwynd was practicing for the parade with the 13<sup>th</sup> Massachusetts Infantry, a Civil War reenactment unit commanded by Mark Slayton of Millis.<span> </span>Other musicians gathered - Drummers Richard Ruquist and Helen Cheney, and Fifer Jo-Ann Waithe.<span> </span>Following the formal ceremonies, they snagged Charlie and handed him a fife for warm-up.<span> </span>Within a few minutes, Charlie Grant was performing, and performing well.<span> </span>The little corps serenaded the American Legion members at their lunch, proving to the skeptics among them that Charlie’s musical tall tales were true.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>Since then, Charlie has performed for birthday parties, the Fourth of July, his American Legion post, and other events.<span> </span>The 13<sup>th</sup> Massachusetts Infantry insisted that Charlie perform with them for Millis’ 2007 Memorial Day.<span> </span>The Sudbury Colonial Faire was a highlight, including playing with F Troop at day’s end.<span> </span>He had even more fun at this year’s Midwinter Madness Jam Session, where he played for most of the afternoon, remembering tunes long dormant.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>He performed again at the 2008 Millis Memorial Day Ceremonies, where his participation has become an honor for everyone involved, evoking patriotic unity across the decades represented, regardless of uniform, service, or era. <i> [In 2009, Charlie was honored to be the grand marshal for the Millis Memorial Day ceremonies, during which he shared a couple of pointed stories about his service. He performed again with the 13th Mass. Infantry field music at the 2010 Memorial Day ceremonies, but did not have the lung power to do so again in 2011. As he listened instead, I know he was playing with us in his heart. - SMC]</i></span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span>“I never thought I’d ever play the fife again,” Charlie Grant said last year at Millis.<span> </span>To the delight of Charlie and his fife-&-drum friends, he was wrong.</span></span></div></div>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-42936948535070161732012-03-18T21:50:00.000-04:002012-03-18T21:50:56.440-04:00US ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEEERS ESTABLISHED (2nd Time) – March 16, 1802<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lXUka0WWbvU/T2aOzNa2SPI/AAAAAAAAAKo/kYaRA1O-9vo/s1600/usace+logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="160" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lXUka0WWbvU/T2aOzNa2SPI/AAAAAAAAAKo/kYaRA1O-9vo/s200/usace+logo.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">USACE Logo</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">On March 16, 1802, President Thomas Jefferson authorized the establishment of a military corps of engineers, which became the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers we know today. This was the second time that this corps was established.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The first idea for the army to have organized engineers took place on June 16, 1775, when the Continental Congress officially organized the army specifying that it contain a chief engineer to oversee the construction of fortifications and defenses and other such military tasks. This date might be considered the Corps’ inception. </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Col. Richard Gridley, a Boston native, became Gen. George Washington’s first chief engineer. Gridley was an experienced military engineer who had done such work during the French and Indian Wars, from the capture of Louisburg (1745) to the fall of Quebec (1759). If that 1775 date seems familiar, that is because Gridley’s first mission as chief engineer was to lay out the defenses for the fortifications on Breed’s Hill where the unruly colonial rebels defied British might in the next day’s Battle of Bunker Hill.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In March of 1779, the Continental Congress authorized then Chief Engineer Brig. Gen. Louis Duportail to separate the engineers from the army at large into a corps of their own. This was the first time. By this time, Congress had recruited quite a number of military engineers from France, who were supplemented by three companies of sappers and miners formed from American troops in 1778.</span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GplGHox-jRc/T2aOyi-spQI/AAAAAAAAAKk/k0_6Pb2dxN8/s1600/Pontoon_bridge_Rhine_River_1945.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="248" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-GplGHox-jRc/T2aOyi-spQI/AAAAAAAAAKk/k0_6Pb2dxN8/s320/Pontoon_bridge_Rhine_River_1945.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">US 9th Army crossing Rhine River on USACE pontoon bridge, 1945</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Corps of Engineers was mustered out of service at the end of the Revolution, along with most of the rest of the army. A flutter of war murmurings in 1794 resulted in a short-lived Corps of Artillerists and Engineers for the development of seacoast fortifications. A single regiment of engineers remained in active duty through peacetime.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Support for the 1802 legislation that ultimately established the Corps came from many directions.<span> </span>During the American Revolution, officers and statesmen both recognized the need for officers skilled in technical, scientific, and mathematical trades. During the war, some effort was made to train the companies of sappers and miners in field works, but it was woefully insufficient, prompting wide support for a formal academy where officers could train for such work.<span> </span>The 1802 legislation called not only for the permanent establishment of a corps of engineers, but also for the creation of an academy where soldiers could have formal education in the skills and techniques required in engineering.<span> </span>West Point was chosen as that academy. Jefferson was a staunch promoter of this whole project, anticipating that such soldiers would be valuable in service to the nation during peacetime as well as during war.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">As a result, today’s U. S. Army Corps of Engineers is engaged in and coordinates with both foreign and domestic war efforts, homeland security and disaster preparedness, infrastructure support (bridges, dams, and other civil and military installations), water resource management of flood zones and navigable waterways, and environmental restoration and stewardship. It is the world's largest public engineering, design and construction management agency.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_cNO0MdnqNQ/T2aO3giheMI/AAAAAAAAAK0/pcmugZ0-YXc/s1600/2-Fort+Pocahontas-5-2002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="302" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-_cNO0MdnqNQ/T2aO3giheMI/AAAAAAAAAK0/pcmugZ0-YXc/s320/2-Fort+Pocahontas-5-2002.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Erection of Civil War signal tower, Fort Pocahontas, James River, VA</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Corps, over the past 210 years, has included and excluded various other duties, as branches have developed, diminished, or merged with other services. Among these was a Corps of Topographical Engineers which branched off in 1838, but reunited with the USACE in 1863. During the 19<sup>th</sup> Century, the USACE coordinated with the Navy to manage the Lighthouse Districts. (My great-grandfather and some of his brothers and nephews served in the Lighthouse Service in Maine.) Lighthouses are now managed by the U. S. Coast Guard. And in the first half of the 19<sup>th</sup> Century, Congress established a survey service for the Great Lakes (the Lake Survey), which fell under the umbrella of the Corps of Engineers.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In my Civil War reenacting portrayal of a military engineer, I have the opportunity to teach school children about this part of the army, which was quite small during the Civil War. My nutshell emphasis to them is that although the job of the rest of the army was to destroy things, the job of the engineers was to build things. I find it fascinating myself at the 19<sup>th</sup> Century application of mathematics and physics to solve problems in the field, under conditions usually remote from the ideal and often with limited resources. These solutions were often very simple, and often ingenious. This corps deserves more recognition than it gets.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">SOURCES:</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">U. S. Army Corps of Engineers <a href="http://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/HistoricalVignettes/HolidaysObservances/015EstablishmentofUSACE.aspx">http://www.usace.army.mil/About/History/HistoricalVignettes/HolidaysObservances/015EstablishmentofUSACE.aspx</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wikipedia: US Army Corps of Engineers<span> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers"><span>http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Corps_of_Engineers</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">PHOTOS:</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Logo: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers <a href="http://www.nau.usace.army.mil/">http://www.nau.usace.army.mil/</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Pontoon bridge: U.S. Army Corp of Engineers Digital Visual Library <a href="http://images.usace.army.mil/Main.html">http://images.usace.army.mil/Main.html</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%;">Signal tower: at Fort Pocahontas on the James River, Charles City County, VA, May 2002, by Sally M. Chetwynd</span></span>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-75759795644139683012012-03-06T21:39:00.000-05:002012-03-06T21:39:25.409-05:00NATIVE AMERICAN VICE PRESIDENT INAUGURATED – March 4, 1929<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yWCZudD4YEk/T1bImCsPbrI/AAAAAAAAAKU/H10Uenl4KCE/s1600/Curtis+image+from+LOC.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-yWCZudD4YEk/T1bImCsPbrI/AAAAAAAAAKU/H10Uenl4KCE/s320/Curtis+image+from+LOC.jpg" width="252" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Charles Curtis (1860-1939)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> <span style="font-size: small;">On March 4, 1929, a Native American was inaugurated as Vice President of the United States. Charles Curtis served one term with President Herbert Hoover. </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Curtis was born on January 25, 1860, in North Topeka, in what was then the Kansas Territory. His mother was three-quarters Native American, of ethnic Kaw, Osage, and Pottawatomie ancestry. His great-great-grandfather, White Plume of the Kaw nation, had assisted the Lewis and Clark Expedition in 1804. From the Kaw, we get the name “Kansas.” Curtis spoke French and Kaw before he learned English.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When he was five years old, Curtis’ mother died, and his father left him with his mother’s parents on the Kaw Reservation in Morris County, Kansas.<span> </span>He spent three years with his maternal grandparents, then went to live with his paternal grandparents in Topeka. Both sets of grandparents urged him to obtain a formal education, lest he become nothing more than another suppressed Indian eking out a hardscrabble existence on an underfunded reservation.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">His childhood and early adult life were varied. These were the days, still, of “wild” Indian raids and frontier rivalries, both between whites and Indians and between Indian tribes. He learned to ride bareback, to use the bow and arrow with deadly accuracy (shooting at coins to entertain white visitors), and other activities typical to Plains Indian life.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">By ten, he was an accomplished horseman and was working in a livery stable.<span> </span>By sixteen, he raced horses on Kansas racetracks, and at the time was considered the best jockey of all time.<span> </span>Still in his teens, he became a reporter for the <i>North Topeka Times</i>. While driving a hack (horse-drawn taxi). he studied law, and was admitted to the bar when he was twenty-one. He began his legal practice with a fellow attorney.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">He served two terms in the elected position of Shawnee County Prosecuting Attorney.<span> </span>At age 32, he ran for the US House of Representatives on the Republican ticket, and served seven terms.<span> </span>In 1907, he was elected to the US Senate, where he served 3 terms with distinction.<span> </span>He was the first Republican to become Floor Leader of the US Senate, and at one point was a presidential hopeful.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">In the midst of this busy life, he found time to court and marry Anna Elizabeth Baird, with whom he had two daughters and a son.<span> </span>Anna died in 1924. Curtis’ half-sister Theresa Permelia Curtis Gann, fondly known as Dolly, also made her home with Charles and Anna’s family.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zINmZ27D9T0/T1bImXmEk6I/AAAAAAAAAKc/wkfa2JXdhSw/s1600/Wah-Shun-Gah,+Kaw+Chief,+c.1900.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-zINmZ27D9T0/T1bImXmEk6I/AAAAAAAAAKc/wkfa2JXdhSw/s320/Wah-Shun-Gah,+Kaw+Chief,+c.1900.jpg" width="215" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Wah-Shun-Gah, Kaw chief, c.1900</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Curtis’ political interests and causes were broad and civic-minded.<span> </span>Among many other issues, Curtis supported the Woman Suffrage Amendment (Kansas women received the vote in 1912); the Soldier’s Adjusted Compensation Bill (for WWI veterans); the Anti Child Labor Amendment; anti-narcotic legislation; bills which protected the rights of Native American women and which made Native Americans citizens of the US; parts of the Tariff Act to protect farm interests, plans to benefit wheat growers whose crops failed, and the Hepburn railroad bill which eliminated discrimination against farmers; Farm Loan Bonds which offered low-interest loans to farmers; and the consolidation of the US ports of entry to streamline the collection of customs. He held more Senate Committee assignments than any previous Senator.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Senator William Borah (R-Idaho) described his contemporary, Curtis, as “a great reconciler, a walking political encyclopedia, and one of the best poker players in America.”<span> </span>The <i>American Mercury</i> described him as “the greatest whisperer in Congress.” This was typical of Curtis, not to be loud and obstreperous but to cajole and convince, to attract more bees with honey than vinegar.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Curtis became Herbert Hoover’s running mate in Hoover’s 1928 bid for the White House, which the team won in a landslide. Unfortunately, Curtis’ dynamic dedication in the US Congress did not carry him far as Vice President. Like most vice presidents, he was generally ignored, never consulted, and often lampooned. The Republican ticket had been a “marriage of convenience,” and there was no love lost between the two candidates.<span> </span>Hoover’s deliberate alienation of Curtis was not entirely unfounded: the two had a history of political disagreements. Curtis found himself, typically, shelved.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Since Curtis was a widower upon his election to the vice-presidency, he asked his half-sister Dolly to come live at his Washington residence. She served as hostess for the social events required of the Vice President.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Curtis made the most of his position as vice president.<span> </span>He presided over the Senate on a regular basis. He displayed artifacts from his Kaw, Osage, and Pottawatomie culture in his offices, and was rightfully proud to be the first Native American to reach such high office.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">After five decades of public service, Curtis’ youthful vigor faded, his innovation dimmed, his resiliency stiffened. He was 69 on Inauguration Day. During his term with Hoover, the Washington press of long duration noted that he wasn’t the man he had been. He had hardened and become shrill and querulous, demanding and pompous. His behavior during the “Bonus March” can only be attributed to this ossified and eroded personality, not to the political dynamo he had been for the bulk of his career. </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A group of World War I veterans converged on Washington in July 1932, calling themselves the “Bonus March,” seeking to embarrass Washington into issuing them their promised bonuses for service. When the four hundred arrived at the White House, Curtis made a panicky request of the president, asking him to call out the army to arrest them as they paraded in single-file around the building. When Hoover didn’t comply, Curtis contacted the Marines directly, who sent out two companies in trench helmets, riding on the city trolleys to the White House. The story went public, and the press heaped derision on Curtis’ head. He became a national laughingstock.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Hoover and Curtis served only one presidential term. With the inauguration of the Great Depression, the Hoover administration was doomed. The disaster of the bonus march was just one more log on its funeral pyre.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">When he left public service at the termination of the Hoover administration, Curtis decided to remain in Washington, DC, where he renewed his legal career.<span> </span>He died three years later, at age 76, on February 8, 1936, from a heart attack.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Despite the setbacks, disappointments, and frustrations of the last leg of his public service career, his contributions over the course of fifty years cannot be diminished. Charles Curtis was all American, in every sense of the word.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">SOURCES</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Charles Curtis: Native-American Indian Vice-President<span> </span><a href="http://www.vpcharlescurtis.net/">http://www.vpcharlescurtis.net/</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wikipedia: Charles Curtis <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Curtis">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Curtis</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">United States Senate: Charles Curtis, 31<sup>st</sup> Vice President (1929-1933) <a href="http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Charles_Curtis.htm">http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/common/generic/VP_Charles_Curtis.htm</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Dorman, Michael, <u>The Second Man: The Changing Role of the Vice Presidency</u>, New York: Delacorte Press, 1968.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Harwood, Michael, <u>In the Shadow of Presidents</u>, Philadelphia, New York: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1966.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">PHOTOS</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Charles Curtis:<span> </span>photo from Library of Congress, via Biographical Directory of the United States Congress: Charles Curtis (1860-1936) <a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=c001008">http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=c001008</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wah-Shun-Gah, Kaw Chief, c. 1900: photo from Chapman, Berlin B., “Charles Curtis and the Kaw Reservation,” <i>Kansas Historical Quarterly</i>, Topeka, KS: Kansas Historical Society, November <span>1947 </span><span> </span><a href="http://www.kshs.org/p/kansas-historical-quarterly-charles-curtis-and-the-kaw-reservation/13069">http://www.kshs.org/p/kansas-historical-quarterly-charles-curtis-and-the-kaw-reservation/13069</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-88112477377180020192012-03-06T21:29:00.000-05:002012-03-06T21:29:14.756-05:00ANOTHER DELAY<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">I'm back again, finally, after a promise of more regular posts. I actually have something of an excuse this time, though, which might qualify as valid. (If it doesn't, well, that's too bad. It's the only one I have.) I was hired to do five months of at-home work, but I had to go for ten days for training in the Washington, DC, area, with a team of seventeen others. We are doing real property asset inventory for the US Coast Guard. In effect, if we do our job and get all of the real property assets inventoried correctly on each USCG site, station, or base, then these assets can be financially assessed accurately. Then if a tornado wiped out a site entirely, these assessment records would allow for adequate budgeting for replacement of all of the facilities on the site. (If the financial office doesn't know that the base built a new mess hall last year, it's not going to pay to replace it.)</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Training days were twelve hours long, and where the team was stationed, in guest housing on a US Coast Guard base, we had no access to the internet except in one of the rooms through a wi-fi hot-spot on one guy's cell phone, onto which those who had brought their laptops would take turns glomming onto to check home emails and such business. Then I spent the bulk of last week getting settled again at home.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">The subject of today's blog post drew my interest, since we hear very little about Native Americans in prominent political positions. Immediately to follow is a post about Charles Curtis, one such Native American.</span></span>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-26473502215955732582012-02-11T01:13:00.000-05:002012-02-11T01:13:43.557-05:00STEEL-HULL BARK “DIRIGO” LAUNCHED - February 10, 1894<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">The sail-driven maritime freight trade was entering the autumn of its era when the <i>Dirigo</i> slid down the ways on February 10, 1894.<span> </span>Three hundred and fourteen feet long, built to carry four masts that reached 200 feet above her decks, weighing in at 3005 tons, she made a spectacular splash as she crashed into the waters of the Kennebec River in Bath, ME, her sleek black hull gleaming in contrast to the snowy riverbanks.</span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
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</style> <![endif]--><span style="font-size: large;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Plummer/Beaton photographic collection (courtesy of San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="separator" style="clear: both; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Tens of thousands of coasting schooners (rigged fore-&-aft, many with centerboards – as opposed to fixed keels - for access to shallow waters) had plied the waters of the East Coast, the West Coast, and the Gulf of Mexico since the late 18<sup>th</sup> Century, and square-rigged China trade ships had crossed the oceans all over the world for just as long. But all of these sailing predecessors were wooden-hulled ships. <i>Dirigo</i>, a Latin word meaning “I lead” and the State of Maine’s motto, was the first steel-hulled sailing vessel built in the United States. With the construction of <i>Dirigo</i>, A. Sewall & Co. led wooden shipbuilding into the steel age, to much public acclaim.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Arthur Sewall – the man who had built her - hoped that she’d live up to her name and pay for herself. Times were tough as a depression settled on the economy, and no one could afford to have cargo ships lying idle.<span> </span><i>Dirigo</i> was <span>designed by J.F. Waddington of Liverpool, England, and she cost $157,000 to build. The steel plates for her hull were produced by Messrs. David Clolville & Sons, and came all the way from Motherwell, Scotland.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">To a degree, <i>Dirigo</i> did pay for herself. After she was launched, the tugboat <i>C. W. Morse</i> towed her to Philadelphia, where she was outfitted as a square-rigger.<span> </span>She was laden with a cargo of 121,000 cases of oil bound for Japan, captained by an old friend of the Sewall family, George W. Goodwin of Calais, ME.<span> </span>Initially her speed was not outstanding, a concern with the growing competition from steam-driven ships, but as the captain and crew became familiar with the new ship, her efficiency improved, although she was never swift. Goodwin made suggestions for several improvements, but in general was pleased with the way she handled.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Sewall had a dream that within his lifetime, he would see powerful shipyards on the Kennebec River producing the finest steel ships in the world. He did not live to see that dream entirely fulfilled, for his shipyard was the only one in the US to switch to steel. He died in 1900, only six years after <i>Dirigo</i> launched. Four years after <i>Dirigo</i>, Sewall launched her sister ship, <i>Erskine W. Phelps</i>, to equal fanfare. <span>Evidently Sewall had found the investment in <i>Dirigo</i> profitable.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>She did acquire a little claim to fame. In February of 1912, Jack London and his wife Charmian boarded the <i>Dirigo</i> in Baltimore, for a trip around Cape Horn. They sailed to Seattle and returned home in August.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>Dirigo had several captains over her 23-year lifetime:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>1894-1902</span><span> <span> </span>Captain George W. Goodwin, Calais, ME</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>1903-1904</span><span> <span> </span>Captain Lewis S. Colley</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>1904-1909</span><span> <span> </span>Captain George W. Goodwin.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>1909-1911</span><span> <span> </span>Captain Omar E. Chapman.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>1911-1917</span><span> <span> </span>Captain Walter M. Mallett.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>1917</span><span> <span> </span>Captain John A. Urquhart, Brooklyn, NY. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><i><span>Dirigo</span></i><span> remained in Sewall’s fleet until 1915, when G. W. McNear, Inc., in San Francisco bought her. This firm engaged in shipping oil and grain. She worked in Pacific waters for a while, but McNear didn’t hold her for long: she was sold again in March 1916 to </span>C.C. Mengel & Brother, Inc., of Louisville, KY<span>, a lumber company, and then again that November to </span>Axim Transportation Co. of Anchorage, AK, which used Pensacola, FL, as a homeport.<span> </span>She worked out of that port for six months. Then on May 31, 1917,<span> she sank about </span>6 miles southwest of the Eddystone Rocks off the coast of Plymouth, England, the victim of torpedoes launched by<span> German submarine UB-23 (the <i>Hans Ewald Niemer</i>). One life was lost.<br />
<br />
(Another vessel contemporary to our square-rigged sailing bark <i>Dirigo</i> was an ocean-going passenger steamship also named <i>Dirigo</i>, built in 1898 at Hoquiam (Gray’s Harbor, about 40 miles west of Olympia, Washington) and used in the Alaska trade during the Klondike Gold Rush.<span> </span>In several photographs dating from 1898, she is shown moored at the docks in Skagway, District of Alaska. These are two separate vessels.)<br />
<br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">A few other photographs of <i>Dirigo</i> exist, but most of them are copyrighted against any use without permission. You can see some at Maine Memory Network, a project of the Maine Historical Society which provides an online museum and database. <a href="http://www.mainememory.net/artifact/8864"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.mainememory.net/artifact/8864</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">SOURCES<br />
Yakowicz, Susie, “Steel Glory: The Life of Shipbuilder Arthur Sewall (1835-1900)” <a href="http://www.susieyakowicz.com/"><span style="color: windowtext;">www.susieyakowicz.com</span></a><br />
<br />
<span>Emanuels, George, “Early California Voyages” </span> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www2.cruzio.com/%7Eemanuels/voyages.htm"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www2.cruzio.com/~emanuels/voyages.htm</span></a><br />
<span><br />
</span><span>Wreck Site<span> </span></span> </span><span style="font-size: large;"><a href="http://www.wrecksite.eu/casualty-list.aspx?nat=0"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.wrecksite.eu/casualty-list.aspx?nat=0</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext;"></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext;"><span style="text-decoration: none;"><br />
</span></span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Vintage Maine Images <a href="http://www.vintagemaineimages.com/bin/Detail?ln=8864"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.vintagemaineimages.com/bin/Detail?ln=8864</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="color: windowtext;">, a</span></span>lso part of the Maine Historical Society <a href="http://www.mainehistory.org/">http://www.mainehistory.org/</a> and associated with the Maine Maritime Museum <a href="http://www.mainemaritimemuseum.org/"><span style="color: blue;">http://www.mainemaritimemuseum.org/</span></a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br />
</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span>The Maritime History Virtual Archives </span><span><span> </span></span><a href="http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/Fourmast_ships/Dirigo%281894%29.html"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.bruzelius.info/Nautica/Ships/Fourmast_ships/Dirigo%281894%29.html</span></a><span><br />
</span><span>Dirigo</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;"><span><br />
</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: large;">Maine Memory Network, a project of the Maine Historical Society <a href="http://www.mainememory.net/artifact/8864"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.mainememory.net/artifact/8864</span></a></span></div>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-19621193514301232692012-02-03T00:36:00.000-05:002012-02-03T00:36:37.564-05:00FUNERAL FOR LINCOLN’S SON EDDY - February 2, 1850<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SWN9Q21eEMY/TyttplhF_WI/AAAAAAAAAKE/zJqhktaRvKE/s1600/lincoln_eddie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-SWN9Q21eEMY/TyttplhF_WI/AAAAAAAAAKE/zJqhktaRvKE/s1600/lincoln_eddie.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Edward Baker Lincoln (1846-1850)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">On February 2, 1850, Abraham and Mary Lincoln stood in Hutchinson Cemetery in Springfield, IL, and bade farewell to the younger of their “dear codgers,” 3-year-old Eddy, who had died the day before after a 52-day struggle with an illness. As the small coffin sank into the wintery grave, the little family, reduced to three, sank into an equally wintery grief.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Because Eddy was so young when he died, not much is known of him. He was born on March 10, 1846, and named after Edward Dickinson Baker, a US senator and former law partner of Lincoln. (Baker was the only sitting senator to be killed in battle while serving as a Union officer.) Lincoln reported to a friend eight months after Eddy’s birth that the baby compared favorably to his big brother at the same age, but was “of a longer order” (taking after his lanky father) than Bobby, who was “short and low” (like his mother). </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Eddy is reported to have been a sweet child, precocious and talkative. He wasn’t quite two when in late 1847 the family traveled, by train and steamboat, to Washington City for Lincoln to serve in the US House of Representatives. During Lincoln’s term, the toddler often referred to his father as having “gone tapila,” baby language which his parents took to mean “gone to the Capitol [Building].” </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Mary discovered after a few months that life in a few rented rooms across from the Capitol was far from the ideal she had imagined. In Springfield, the status of the wife of a Congressman had powerful, unique standing; in Washington, she was just one more freshman Congressman's wife among dozens. In the spring of 1848, she took the children, Robert (4) and Edward (2), to her family’s home in Lexington, KY. The Todd homestead proved to be an environment far more suited to active youngsters than Mrs. Spriggs’ cramped boarding house on Capitol Hill.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Eddy took after his father in his love for animals. Writing from Lexington to Lincoln in Washington, Mary relates in May 1848 that Bobby brought a kitten home (“<i>your hobby</i>,” she emphasizes to her husband) which delighted Eddy. The toddler fell upon the orphan feline with utmost tenderness, insisting that water be brought for it. He hand-fed the kitten with crumbs of bread. When his grandmother (who hated cats) spied the kitten, she had a servant throw it out immediately, deaf to Eddy’s shrieks of outrage.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The Lincolns lavished love and affection upon their children, disregarding discipline and indulging their passions. They called the boys their “blessed fellows” and “dear codgers.”</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Eddy was not a robust child. He was prone to sickness. He fell ill in December 1848 while Mary and the children were still at her family’s home in Kentucky. Mary left Bobby behind and took Eddy home to Springfield to nurse him.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A year later in early December of 1849, Eddy came down again with a serious illness, marked by a high fever, brutal coughing fits, and overall exhaustion. It snuffed out his short life within fifty-two days. Although no one knows for sure, historians speculate that the illness was either diphtheria or pulmonary tuberculosis, also known as consumption. (One online Lincoln research site states that in 1850, consumption killed more Americans than any other disease).</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Life after Eddy’s death was nearly unbearable for Mary Lincoln, who mourned throughout most of her third pregnancy. The December 1850 birth of their third son, William Wallace Lincoln, was one factor that helped pull Mary out of her slump. Another which helped her re-emerge into the world after the funeral was the regular attendance that the little family soon took up at Springfield’s First Presbyterian Church. The pastor, Dr. James Smith, had conducted Eddy’s funeral service. His ministry and wisdom provided Mary with the strength to look to the future. Lincoln benefited from Smith’s work as well, and a deep friendship developed between the Lincolns and Dr. Smith.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TaZ4zkdzkLo/TyttpVV8s8I/AAAAAAAAAJ8/JQsFk5dXDvw/s1600/eddie+original+tombstone.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TaZ4zkdzkLo/TyttpVV8s8I/AAAAAAAAAJ8/JQsFk5dXDvw/s320/eddie+original+tombstone.jpg" width="141" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Eddy's original gravestone</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><span style="font-size: small;">But the death deeply and permanently marked Mary. Her former bubbly nature succumbed to a hardening personality, and she refused to relinquish any shred of connection with her little boy. With the death of her mother when she was only six years old began a pattern which became tragically familiar over the course of her life. By the time she died in 1882, she had lost two more of her four sons and had seen her husband killed before her eyes. To assuage these strains, she delved further into spiritual matters, skirting the fringes of madness. By 1863, she engaged regularly in séances to contact her sons on the other side. She frightened her younger half-sister Emilie Helm with animated, intense, trance-like descriptions of dreams she had of Willie and Eddy coming in the company of her deceased half-brother Aleck to comfort her. Such tragedy in the life of a woman with an rock-bound core of emotional control would have shaken her foundation; in the life of one whose emotional stability was compromised from the start, it’s a wonder that Mary Lincoln did not go mad.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">A few days after Eddy’s funeral, a four-stanza poem about his death appeared in the <i>Illinois State Journal</i>, author unnamed. The last line of the poem ("Of such is the kingdom of Heaven") was etched on Eddy’s gravestone. Most historians guess that Mary or Abraham Lincoln penned the poem; perhaps they both worked on it.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Little Eddy lay in the Hutchinson Cemetery until 1865, when he was relocated to the Oak Ridge Cemetery to be with his father and his brother Willie whose bodies were brought from Washington after Lincoln’s assassination. In the Lincoln Tomb today rest Lincoln and Mary, with their three youngest sons – Eddy, Willie, and Tad (given name: Thomas). Oldest son Robert, the only son to live into adulthood, is buried at Arlington National Cemetery. Eddy's original gravestone is on display at the </span><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library & Museum in Springfield.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">SOURCES<br />
Lincoln, Abraham, <i>The Collected Works of Abraham Lincoln</i>, Roy P. Basler, editor, Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, 1955.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Turner, Justin G. and Linda Levitt Turner, <i>Mary Todd Lincoln, Her Life and Letters</i>, Alfred A. Knopf, New York, NY, 1972.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Randall, Ruth Painter, <i>Lincoln’s Sons</i>, Little, Brown and Company, Boston, MA, 1955.<br />
<br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Emery, Tom, <i>Eddie: Lincoln's Forgotten Son,</i> History in Print, Carlinville, Illinois, 2002.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Edward Dickinson Baker <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dickinson_Baker">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dickinson_Baker</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wheeler, Samuel P., <i>Lincoln Studies: Abraham Lincoln and the American Civil War</i>, <a href="http://lincolnstudies.blogspot.com/2008/03/edward-baker-lincoln.html">http://lincolnstudies.blogspot.com/2008/03/edward-baker-lincoln.html</a><br />
</span> </div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Emerson, Jason, <i>The Madness of Mary Lincoln</i>, Southern Illinois University Press, 2007.<br />
</span> </div><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; line-height: 115%;">Abraham Lincoln Research Site, <i>Eddie Lincoln</i>, by Roger J. Norton <a href="http://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln67.html">http://rogerjnorton.com/Lincoln67.html</a></span></span>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-42424233527888676502012-01-18T18:42:00.000-05:002012-01-18T18:42:23.892-05:00BABIES BORN IN THE WHITE HOUSE<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LSPtCj-JA3M/TxdX1EaO_7I/AAAAAAAAAJw/2_zOs5D5MQQ/s1600/White+House+1901.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="248" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-LSPtCj-JA3M/TxdX1EaO_7I/AAAAAAAAAJw/2_zOs5D5MQQ/s320/White+House+1901.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">White House, north face, 1901</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Twelve babies have been born in the White House. Only one has been the child of a sitting president; all of the rest (except for one slave baby) have been either grandchildren or the children of sitting presidents’ nephews or nieces. In the early decades of the White House, it was not unusual for whole families of the president’s closest staff to live in the Executive Mansion.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">One or two of the sources listed below mention specific rooms in the Executive Mansion where these babies were born, but only a couple of them. Some of the White House architecture has changed over the past two centuries, so that some earlier rooms no longer exist. The ground floor today, where the China Room, Library, and other rooms are located, was originally used for servants and slaves quarters; first-floor rooms are formal reception, dining, and dance rooms; and the second (top) floor has served as the private, residential rooms and apartments for the families of the presidents and their closest staff. Most of the earlier presidents had their offices on the second floor, too, until the Oval Office in the West Wing was constructed in 1909.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Jan. 17, 1806:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span> </span>The first one was a grandson of President Thomas Jefferson on January 17, 1806. His name was James Madison Randolph, a child of Jefferson’s daughter Martha Washington Jefferson Randolph.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">December 1806:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span> </span>The next baby born there was to two of Jefferson’s slaves – Fanny and Eddy – who were part of Jefferson’s household staff. This is the only person of color and a slave born in the White House. There is no readily available record of the name or gender of this child, who only lived a few years, due to ill health.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lry4CayGo2g/TxdWuyU9coI/AAAAAAAAAJo/GbFmRfgjiEE/s1600/Mary_Louisa_Adams+1835.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-lry4CayGo2g/TxdWuyU9coI/AAAAAAAAAJo/GbFmRfgjiEE/s200/Mary_Louisa_Adams+1835.jpg" width="168" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Mary Louisa Adams (Durand, 1835)</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">December 2, 1828:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span> </span>John Quincy Adams had only four months of his administration left when his son John Adams II and wife Mary Catherine, then living at the White House, welcomed a baby girl, Mary Louisa Adams, into the world.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">1829-1834:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span> </span>During Andrew Jackson’s presidency, four children were born to his secretary Andrew Jackson Donelson and his wife Emily, both of whom were also nephew and niece to Jackson’s deceased wife Rachel. Emily served as White House hostess during the Jackson administration.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">March 1840:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span> </span>Martin Van Buren’s eldest son Abraham married Angelica Singleton, a distant relation to Dolley Madison, and their daughter Rebecca was born at the White House during Martin’s presidency. Sadly, mother and daughter suffered serious illness for several months after childbirth, and although Angelica survived, little Rebecca finally succumbed that fall.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">March 15, 1846:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span> </span>James Polk and his wife Sarah had no children, but Polk’s nephew Joseph Knox Walker and his wife Augusta lived in the White House with the President and First Lady. <span> </span>Walker served as secretary to the President.<span> </span>The Walkers brought two children with them into the White House, and had two more while they lived there – Sally, b. March 15, 1846, and Joseph, b. December 9, 1847.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">December 9, 1847:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"> <span> </span>Birth of President Polk’s grand-nephew Joseph Knox Walker in the White House. (See entry above.)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8BuBtMUkjp0/TxdWuhtsPsI/AAAAAAAAAJg/XZUzk9LuzTM/s1600/Esther_Cleveland_%2528LOC%2529.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-8BuBtMUkjp0/TxdWuhtsPsI/AAAAAAAAAJg/XZUzk9LuzTM/s1600/Esther_Cleveland_%2528LOC%2529.jpg" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Esther Cleveland</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">September 9, 1893:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span> </span>Grover Cleveland and his wife Frances are the only presidential couple to have had a child born to them in the White House during the presidency.<span> </span>Ruth had been born a couple of years before, and public fascination (fostered because of other children residing previously in the White House) resulted in a candy bar named Baby Ruth in the child’s honor.<span> </span>The Clevelands did their best to protect their children from the paparazzi of the day, and Esther’s arrival on September 9, 1893, surprised the press entirely. The Clevelands guarded their children’s privacy to the degree that the public speculated that Esther was deformed, which she was not.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">January 17, 1915:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"><span> </span>One hundred and nine years to the day after Thomas Jefferson’s grandson was born in the White House, little Francis Bowes Sayre, Jr., also came into the world in the White House, born to the daughter and son-in-law of Woodrow and Ellen Wilson,<span> </span>Jesse and Francis Bowes Sayre. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">SOURCES</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">William Seale, <i>The President’s House: A History</i>, White House Historical Association with the cooperation of the National Geographic Society, Washington, DC, 1986.</span></span></div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Susan Edwards, <i>White House Kids</i>, Avon Books, New York, 1999.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Adams grandson info from:<span> </span>History.com - This Day In History: February 25 <a href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-quincy-adams-son-marries-relative-at-the-white-house">http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-quincy-adams-son-marries-relative-at-the-white-house</a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif"; line-height: 115%;">Polk grand-niece and grand-nephew info from:<span> </span><a href="http://www.penjaccphoto.com/walkerged/fam01332.htm">http://www.penjaccphoto.com/walkerged/fam01332.htm</a></span></span>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-17080040619029061732012-01-15T20:20:00.000-05:002012-01-15T20:20:37.570-05:00THE DEMOCRATIC DONKEY’S DEBUT – January 15, 1870<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wpJuszjhAVY/TxN4aSf1JQI/AAAAAAAAAJI/8Fjv8_avw3E/s1600/Nast+Democrat+Donkey%252C+1870.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wpJuszjhAVY/TxN4aSf1JQI/AAAAAAAAAJI/8Fjv8_avw3E/s320/Nast+Democrat+Donkey%252C+1870.jpg" width="295" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">"Live Jackass Kicking a Dead Lion" - Nast, 1/15/1870</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">One hundred forty-two years ago today, Thomas Nast published a political cartoon in Harper’s Weekly, the first depiction of the Democratic Party as a donkey, kicking the stuffing out of a dead lion. The lion represented the recently deceased Edwin Stanton, a staunch Republican who served as Secretary of War under Lincoln and Johnson. Stanton’s depiction as a lion was unerring: he was highly prominent and influential, and brought dogged determination and unswerving stubbornness to American politics of the day. The passing of this major political opponent was undoubtedly celebrated by many Democrats.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">The donkey had been used previously and specifically during the 1828 presidential campaign to represent Andrew Jackson, as an insult (his opponents called it - and Jackson - a jackass). Jackson took the icon to heart and used it on his campaign posters. Nast’s use of the icon encompassed the whole Democratic Party.</span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"> </span><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nearly five years later, the donkey was joined by the Republican elephant, in a cartoon published in Harper’s Weekly on November 7, 1874. Again, this was the first notable use of this symbol for the Republican Party. In this cartoon, the elephant (labeled “The Republican Vote”) rampages against the donkey (which is wearing a lion skin labeled “Caesarism,” after the fable of the donkey terrorizing the other animals by disguising itself as a lion), because the Democrats were crying “Caesarism” at the prospect of President Grant trying to run for a third term, which went against protocol. (Grant did not run for a third term.)</span></div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pJE_u2t2UXM/TxN4aj2DkLI/AAAAAAAAAJQ/zMQ8sfvPSSY/s1600/Nast+Republican+Elephant%252C+1874.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="212" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pJE_u2t2UXM/TxN4aj2DkLI/AAAAAAAAAJQ/zMQ8sfvPSSY/s320/Nast+Republican+Elephant%252C+1874.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;">"Third-Term Panic" Nast, Harper's Weekly, 1874</span><span style="font-size: small;"><br />
</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">(This “third-term panic” is interesting, considering that it happened in the middle of Grant’s second term, two years before the next election. We really don’t see people starting a presidential campaign that early in those days, especially not sitting presidents. We don’t even see sitting presidents mount an aggressive campaign that early these days. But I digress … )</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nast, a German immigrant born in 1840 who became famous for his illustrations in such periodicals as <i>Harper’s Weekly</i>, the <i>New York Illustrated News</i>, and <i>The Illustrated London News</i>, had erratic schooling. Overall, the discipline of school did not come easily to him, and he always just managed to avoid flunking. He managed to spend about a year at the school of the National Academy of Design in New York City. Finances came too tight after that, and he dropped out at age fifteen, when he began working as a draftsman for <i>Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper</i>. He worked there for three years, then moved on to <i>Harper’s Weekly</i>.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-crFT4wcz_zw/TxN4a-6ZchI/AAAAAAAAAJY/gv6qdyRAgpg/s1600/Thomas_H_Nast.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-crFT4wcz_zw/TxN4a-6ZchI/AAAAAAAAAJY/gv6qdyRAgpg/s320/Thomas_H_Nast.jpg" width="224" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Thomas Nast</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">More than just an illustrator (although his work earned him the title “Father of the American Cartoon”), Nast used his drawing skill to promote or demote current political issues. His opinions were strong, and he expressed them without hesitation in his artwork. He fought Tammany Hall and the Tweed Ring with such a power that not only did Tweed try to buy Nast’s allegiance (unsuccessfully) for half a million dollars, but Nast’s artful campaign against him was instrumental in the downfall of Tweed and his Tammany Hall machine. Nast's support of presidential candidates was equally influential.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nast’s cartoons rooted for the underdog. He joined Garibaldi in the Italian’s efforts to unite the Italian provinces. He illustrated the plight of the American Indians in desperate straits, the result of poor federal policies, and of the Chinese immigrants against whom Congress passed many restrictive laws, despite the Chinese’ status as currency in what in effect was a new slave trade, many brought here against their will. He advocated for civil service reform. He supported abolition and integration, and denounced the violence of the Ku Klux Klan.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Other famous works of his include the depictions of Santa Claus and Uncle Sam with which we are so familiar today. Later in his artistic career, he turned to oil painting and book illustration, for which he is hardly remembered today.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Nast’s political contributions over the years finally led to a service position, after his political visibility had dimmed. In 1902, when Nast was 62, President Theodore Roosevelt appointed him as the US Consul General to Guayaquil, Ecuador. Not long after he arrived, yellow fever broke out, threatening every system and life in the region. Nast remained at his post, assisting diplomatic missions and businesses to escape the contagion. He finally contracted the disease, however, to which he succumbed on December 7, 1902. His body was sent home, and he is buried in The Bronx.</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">SOURCES</span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">HarpWeek Cartoon of the Day: “Third-Term Panic” (Republican Elephant shown)<span> </span><a href="http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Year=2003&Month=November&Date=7">http://www.harpweek.com/09Cartoon/BrowseByDateCartoon.asp?Year=2003&Month=November&Date=7</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wikipedia: Thomas Nast<span> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nast">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nast</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wikipedia: Republican Party </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republican_Party_%28United_States%29</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><span style="font-size: small;">Wikipedia: Democratic Party <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_%28United_States%29</a></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><br />
</div><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"> <span style="line-height: 115%;">History.com: This Day in History: January 15 <span> </span><a href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-appearance-of-the-democratic-donkey">http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/first-appearance-of-the-democratic-donkey</a></span></span>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-6678052810954975802012-01-06T01:00:00.033-05:002012-01-06T01:00:02.338-05:00BIRTH OF CHARLES SUMNER – Jan. 6, 1811<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG/> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:EnableOpenTypeKerning/> <w:DontFlipMirrorIndents/> <w:OverrideTableStyleHps/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qtEajADMO3o/TwPVZLTLsJI/AAAAAAAAAI0/sbRrAJnWq4A/s1600/Sumner%252C+Charles+-Brady+1865+-+BioDir+US+Congress.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-qtEajADMO3o/TwPVZLTLsJI/AAAAAAAAAI0/sbRrAJnWq4A/s320/Sumner%252C+Charles+-Brady+1865+-+BioDir+US+Congress.jpg" width="257" /></a></td></tr>
<tr style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;">Charles Sumner, 1865, by Matthew Brady</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Statesman Charles Sumner was one of the very few political men in Washington, DC, with whom First Lady Mary Todd Lincoln was friends.<span> </span>She believed that most of those who frequented her husband’s offices – office seekers, and men in Lincoln’s Cabinet, in the Congress, in the armies - were fortune hunters whose ambition exceeded their abilities. She was right about many of these, men and women alike.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Mrs. Lincoln - politically astute in her own right - saw in Charles Sumner, however, a kindred spirit, one of integrity and with the strength of character to stand up for what he believed in, more interested in the welfare of others than in that of himself - the kind of man she knew her own husband to be.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Sumner was born on January 6, 1811, in Boston, MA. He attended Boston Latin School, graduated from Harvard University in 1830 and from Harvard Law School in 1833, and was admitted to the bar in 1834.<span> </span>He first joined the Whig party, but became a founder of the Free Soil Party in 1848, a single-issue group that opposed the expansion of slavery into the Western territories. Sumner’s first election into the US Congress was as a Free-Soiler when he was elected to the Senate in 1851. The Free-Soilers became a faction of the new Republican Party which rose in 1854; Sumner was reelected as a Republican in 1857, 1863, and 1869, and served in the Senate for the rest of his life.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Sumner came by his abolition ideas quite naturally. His father, Charles Pinckney Sumner, was a Harvard-educated lawyer and abolitionist, who pointed out to his son that freeing the slaves was pointless unless they had equality within society. The elder Sumner shocked the proper Bostonians with his ideas of integrated schools and marriage between the races.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Between his father’s beliefs and the influence of William Ellery Channing, a Unitarian minister who had profound faith in the human potential through education, Sumner came to the conclusion that one’s environment played a critical role in one’s development. By creating a society where "knowledge, virtue and religion" took precedence, "the most forlorn shall grow into forms of unimagined strength and beauty.” (1)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">For about three years, between ages 26 and 29, Sumner traveled in Europe, studying art, geology, Greek history, and criminal law, and becoming fluent in French, Spanish, German, and Italian. He took advantage of this time, too, to meet many leading statesmen in Europe. In France, too, he observed blacks mingling with whites in a variety of cultural and societal functions, with no hint that anyone took notice of the difference in color.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Upon his return to the States, he worked in a law office, but spent considerable time lecturing at Harvard Law School. His stature (6’-4”), self-possession, and presentation added to the impressiveness of his lofty themes on issues of the day, which were well researched and eloquently delivered. Soon, he found himself in increasing demand as an orator.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">During these years, he began work in Massachusetts toward public education, education reform for blacks, prison reform, and against racial segregation. His successes were mixed, but his losses often influenced later legislation in favor of his interests. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Sumner became the voice of the anti-slavery forces in Massachusetts, and once he gained the US Senate, he specialized in foreign affairs. His views against slavery were so strong that in 1856, a vitriolic, 3-hour diatribe that he vented in the Senate, which ridiculed slaveowners as pimps (and, unfairly, made fun of the physical mannerisms of South Carolina Senator Andrew Butler, who had been severely affected by a stroke), provoked a violent attack by Butler’s nephew, Representative Preston Brooks, who beat Sumner nearly to death on the Senate floor. Suffering spinal and brain damage, Sumner was unable to resume his duties in the Senate for three years, returning to his seat shortly before the Civil War erupted.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">His beliefs in the cultural, social, economic and political corruption which resulted from the existence of slavery had not diminished in the least during his convalescence. When friends suggested to him that he soften his stance, he replied, "When crime and criminals are thrust before us they are to be met by all the energies that God has given us by argument, scorn, sarcasm and denunciation."</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Sumner continued his fight for equal rights and suffrage for the black man. He was one of a regular group of abolitionists who pestered Lincoln steadily to end slavery, working with the president towards the emancipation policy that Lincoln eventually delivered. Throughout the Lincoln administration, Sumner often served as an advisor to the president, and was a frequent visitor to the Executive Mansion.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">During Reconstruction, Sumner joined the Radical Republicans in Congress who wanted to punish the South harshly for having precipitated the war, believing that lenient and generous policies for the South showed weakness. This stance softened in the early 1870s, when he saw that conciliatory efforts would produce more useful results in knitting the Union back together.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Disagreement with President Ulysses Grant’s policies resulted in Sumner losing his committee chairmanships, and therefore his power base, in the Senate.<span> </span>Disgruntled, Sumner supported Liberal Republican Horace Greeley in his presidential bid in 1872. With Greeley’s loss, the last of Sumner’s diminishing power within the Republican Party evaporated.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Sumner never lost his zeal in promoting civil rights and suffrage for blacks. He co-authored the Civil Rights Act of 1875, introduced in the Senate in 1870 and enacted a year after his death. It took another 82 years before Congress passed any further civil rights legislation. </span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Nor did he neglect his belief in the benefits of education for blacks. In 1872, a school in Washington, DC, initially built in 1866 by the Freedmen’s Bureau (another pet project of Sumner) was rebuilt and rededicated as the Charles Sumner School, in honor of his advocacy. Renovated in 1986, i<span>t is now the official museum and archives for the DC public school system.</span></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
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</style> <![endif]--><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Charles Sumner died on March 11, 1874, at age 63, at his home in Washington, DC, of a heart attack. He lay in state in the US Capitol Rotunda (the first Senator to do so), before being sent home for burial in Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, MA. Among his pallbearers were Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (age 67), Oliver Wendell Holmes (age 64), Ralph Waldo Emerson (age 70), and John Greenleaf Whittier (age 66), all Bay Staters with whom Sumner had discussed much philosophy over the years.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">Sumner was by no means perfect. His strong opinions alienated many of his contemporaries. His lack of a sense of humor alienated his wife (a short and fruitless marriage of only 7 years, late in Sumner's life). But he had the courage of his convictions, and </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">no matter the cost to himself, did</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"> no</span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";"></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">t hesitate to stand up for the rights of man.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">SOURCES</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(1) Donald, David Herbert. <i>Charles Sumner and the Coming Civil War.</i> New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1960</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(2) Wikipedia<span> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Sumner</span></a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">(3)Biographical Directory of the United States Congress<span> </span><a href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S001068"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=S001068</span></a></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">A few other books about Sumner and his times:</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">1. Sumner, Charles. <i>The Works of Charles Sumner</i></span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">2. Donald, David Herbert. <i>Charles Sumner and the Rights of Man.</i> New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1970.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">3. George Henry Haynes. <i>Charles Sumner</i> (G.W. Jacobs & Company, 1909)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">4. David McCullough. <i>The Greater Journey: Americans in Paris</i> (NY: Simon & Schuster, 2011)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Georgia","serif";">5. Foner, Eric. <i>Free Soil, Free Labor, Free Men: The Ideology of the Republican Party before the Civil War</i> (1970)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNoSpacing"><br />
</div>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-17460458635276169162012-01-04T00:18:00.000-05:002012-01-04T00:18:29.343-05:00HAPPY NEW YEAR!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fzZSgJoXQok/TwPgf3-h-8I/AAAAAAAAAJA/nv0weeGHyNU/s1600/procrastinate.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-fzZSgJoXQok/TwPgf3-h-8I/AAAAAAAAAJA/nv0weeGHyNU/s1600/procrastinate.jpg" /></a></div>I can no longer use the following items as excuses for not posting any blogs recently:<br />
<br />
<i>The old computer died, and I am still working to get used to the new one and get everything set up. I'm still missing some programs, and some email accounts still won't send.</i><br />
<br />
<i>There's all that cooking to do before Christmas - all those goodies that I make every year - chocolate nut slices, butter crunch, Scottish oat cakes, pecan-stuffed apricots, oatmeal bread, etc. Mmmmmm!</i><br />
<br />
<i>I wrote a bunch of devotionals for the advent season at our church.</i><br />
<br />
<i>Lots of holiday gatherings with family, friends, food, and fun.</i><br />
<br />
<i> I'm still job-hunting. There's an inverse relationship between the time it takes to hunt for jobs and the number of jobs posted out there for which I qualify. (But the current horizon is looking more positive in this department!)</i><br />
<br />
<i></i><br />
<i>I've been trying to get the basement straightened out - it's been in a state of chaos since last March's sewer back-up. And it would be nice to build a few more shelves down there to store all my canning jars ...</i><br />
<br />
I could go on with more excuses, but I'm not going to dig them up and list them here. It's a new year, and time to get crackin'!<br />
<br />
One New Year's resolution: Post to this blog regularly again. I've got one lined up for later this week, about Charles Sumner. Hope you enjoy it.<br />
<br />
Anybody out there willing to share a New Year's Resolution with me?Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-82441793418120658842011-10-30T14:10:00.000-04:002011-10-30T14:10:40.442-04:00A TRIBUTE TO THE EGG LADY<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> </w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if !mso]><img src="http://img2.blogblog.com/img/video_object.png" style="background-color: #b2b2b2; " class="BLOGGER-object-element tr_noresize tr_placeholder" id="ieooui" data-original-id="ieooui" /> <style>
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</style> <![endif]--> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RH3ghVr5NVw/Tq2N-7lwlaI/AAAAAAAAAIc/KNT9uWkqIQY/s1600/Sophie+%2526+Sophie+May+copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-RH3ghVr5NVw/Tq2N-7lwlaI/AAAAAAAAAIc/KNT9uWkqIQY/s200/Sophie+%2526+Sophie+May+copy.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Sophie with Sophie May</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Ten days ago, my husband’s sister-in-law Sophie R. Chetwynd died after an extended illness. Her death has disrupted our lives, which are usually far from tranquil with everyday activities and events, but this sort of thing always prompts some thinking on our loved ones and on the life-changing events of our lives - births, deaths, and marriages. I thought I’d write a few words in tribute to this remarkable woman.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Sophie was one of the most creative persons I have ever had the pleasure to know. I have been endowed with more than my fair share of creativity, but compared to Sophie, my ability resembles that of a single-celled organism. Sophie sewed, sculpted, painted, and worked in charcoal. No doubt, she engaged in other arts and crafts. Over twenty-five years ago, she learned how to create Faberge-style decorative eggs, and in this art, she became nationally renowned. Besides creating the eggs, she taught thousands of classes in her basement several times a week, helping others develop the skill and art, several of whom are carrying on her tradition and classes.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Despite bouts of broken bones, diabetes, and several kinds of cancer, all of which but the last she defeated through sheer stubbornness and a positive attitude, Sophie persevered through thick and thin. She always looked for (and often found) the bright lining behind often ominous clouds. When she couldn’t find a bright lining, she made one.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">With mighty social zeal, Sophie’s ego was never dominant in any of the civic positions she held. Whether she presided over the Greenwood Junior Women’s Club or the New England Egg Art Guild, was a matron of the Order of the Eastern Star, or was treasurer for the Stoneham Arts and Crafts Guild, she did the work because it needed to be done, never for self-aggrandizement. It didn’t matter whether or not she could afford it, if anyone came to her for help, she extended a hand and gave what she could, in time, effort, thought, materials.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">She made so many friends that their visits became overwhelming during extended stays in the hospital. Two weeks before she died, she had eighteen visitors in her room at the nearby nursing facility over the course of one afternoon, prompting her daughter to email everyone to give her mother a chance to get some rest. Even when she was harder to visit at in-town </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Boston</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> hospitals, the nurses always remarked that they had never before had a patient with so many visitors.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Sophie was married to my husband Phillip’s brother Bill, and they had a single child, Lauralyn. Some years later, Sophie and Bill divorced. Bill remarried, but the dedication of Bill and Sophie both to cooperate in raising their daughter resulted in a strong and devoted friendship among Bill, his second wife Joan, and Sophie.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> Sophie’s house became Party Central for all of the big Chetwynd parties. An only child with no living relations, the Chetwynd family became Sophie’s only family. Divorce or no divorce, she became a sister to all of us as much as she would have been by blood. Nothing made her happier than to have her house bursting at the seams with friends and relations. (Believe me, it did burst at the seams!)</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Besides the parties, she was famous for her meatballs and stuffed shells. Although she took her meatball recipe with her, Lauralyn has informed me that she has not only the stuffed-shell recipe, but knows its secret ingredient as well.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><a href="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FvcF2oxwWsE/Tq2OQc0V2KI/AAAAAAAAAIk/fHw7sV4Jgt0/s1600/Lilies+of+the+Valley+repro.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-FvcF2oxwWsE/Tq2OQc0V2KI/AAAAAAAAAIk/fHw7sV4Jgt0/s320/Lilies+of+the+Valley+repro.jpg" width="212" /></a></span></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Sophie's "Lilies of the Valley" after Faberge</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Lauralyn grew up to become a professional audiologist, and two years ago married Charlie. They welcomed little Sophie May into the world in early May this year, an event which Sophie anticipated with great delight. Sophie was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in January this year, and given about six months to live. Had she followed the doctor’s schedule, and had little Sophie May followed her doctor’s schedule, grandmother and granddaughter would probably have passed each other without meeting. But little Sophie was born a month premature, and big Sophie, true to form, refused to pay attention to the doctor, surpassing her deadline by about four months. Little Sophie grew up enough to recognize her devoted grandmother with big smiles, and big Sophie had six months to glow in the light of her grandchild and spoil her thoroughly.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><div class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Sophie Chetwynd</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> has sojourned to a better place, forever removed from illness, pain and troubles. No doubt, she has already inventoried the egg-decoration stocks in Heaven and has signed up half the angelic populace for classes. I plan to sign up when I get there.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal"><br />
</div><span style="font-size: small;"> <span style="font-family: Georgia;">"It's my passion to take one source of life [an egg] and create something else," Sophie said in a Boston Magazine article in April 2009. This quote reveals much about Sophie besides egg art.<span> </span>She always saw the future as an egg: full of potential.</span></span>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-21899327653626539022011-10-08T12:41:00.000-04:002011-10-08T12:41:28.831-04:00TECUMSEH DEFEATED, KILLED - Ooctober 5, 1813<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2FdXwcl322c/TpB4b_4uWiI/AAAAAAAAAIU/SJF2TGWua7Q/s1600/Tecumseh+from+life.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="320" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2FdXwcl322c/TpB4b_4uWiI/AAAAAAAAAIU/SJF2TGWua7Q/s320/Tecumseh+from+life.jpg" width="215" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Tecumseh, from life, artist unknown</span></span></td></tr>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">One hundred and ninety-eight years ago this week, during the
War of 1812, Tecumseh’s warriors and their British allies met defeat by
American forces under William Henry Harrison (future president) at the frontier
Battle of<span> </span>the Thames, north of Lake
Erie near present-day Chatham, Ontario.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">During this battle, Tecumseh had taken over leadership of the
British, Canadian and Indian forces, the British commander being weak-willed
and unwilling to stand against Harrison’s Kentuckians,
who numbered more than twice those of Tecumseh. He situated the men in the best
defensive position he could find.<span> </span>Harrison’s
forces crashed into the British line, routing them entirely, but the Indians
under Tecumseh, engaged with the Americans, pushed back and forth, forcing the
fight into a swamp. Many men on both sides hear Tecumseh’s voice thunder over
the din, and saw him, as he exhorted his forces to hold, wounded over and over.
By twilight, he was gone. In the night, the Indians slipped away quietly,
taking the body of their great leader with them.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Tecumseh was born a Shawnee
in March of 1768 near present-day Dayton, OH.
His name was actually Tecumtha, meaning “panther lying in wait,” but whites
mispronounced it, interpreting this name to mean “shooting star.” Either
meaning applied to Tecumseh, a dynamic man who became the definitive leader of
his people.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Tecumseh’s father Puckeshinwa was a Shawnee
war chief born in Florida, and
his mother Methoataske was probably a Creek from eastern Alabama,
illustrating the Shawnee penchant
to roam. Shawnees migrated
incessantly in small groups, settling here among the Miamis,
there among the Chickasaw, then moving on, making it difficult for whites to see
them as a single nation. No doubt, this nomadic predilection, giving the Shawnee
a strong bond with dozens of tribes from the Gulf of Mexico
to the Great Lakes, figured largely in Tecumseh’s
ability to unite the many nations to defend their territories.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Such defense has a long history, dating to the first days of
European exploration and colonization. During the French and Indian War, native
tribes banded together with French allies in an effort to stop the migration of
English settlers into Indian territories. </span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Soon after, Joseph Brant, an Iroquois who had been educated
by white settlers, had a similar idea, to unite the native nations into a solid
political unit to protect native homelands against sale to and settlement by
white pioneers. He almost achieved his goal during the American Revolution when
he united the seven Iroquois tribes into a single nation and won several
concessions for recognition of the Iroquois as a nation by the new United
States on their traditional homeland within New
York State. But it
all turned to ash when most of his people sided with the British. The Iroquois
lost their political clout when the British lost the war.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">“The long, confused wanderings, marked by numerous alliances
with other tribes and constant guerrilla warfare against advancing whites, had
made the Shawnees more conscious
than most natives of the similarity and urgency of the racial struggles being
waged against the settlers on many fronts.” (1)</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Tecumseh, a product of this period of constant conflict,
continued this idea of unity among the native tribes and nations. He was a Shawnee,
but his vision encompassed all Native Americans.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">"Where today are the Pequot?” Tecumseh asked in 1811. “Where
are the Narragansett, the Mochican, the Pocanet, and other powerful tribes of
our people? They have vanished before the avarice and oppression of the white
man ... Sleep not longer, O Choctaws and Chickasaws ... Will not the bones of
our dead be plowed up, and their graves turned into plowed fields?" (2)</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Primarily because of broken treaties, he became dreaded for
his prowess in leading the Indians against white encroachment on Indian lands,
and news of his death in October, 1813, was cause for great exultation
throughout the frontier communities.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u0hN-Nbetic/TpB7ptdj1qI/AAAAAAAAAIY/6GqIDwEwXWo/s1600/Tecumseh+warrior+1868.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-u0hN-Nbetic/TpB7ptdj1qI/AAAAAAAAAIY/6GqIDwEwXWo/s1600/Tecumseh+warrior+1868.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: x-small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Benson John Lossing's depiction, 1868</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">As much as whites had feared this powerful Shawnee
war chief, many recognized his greatness as a leader. Gen. William Henry
Harrison, reporting to Washington
after the Battle of the Thames,
described Tecumseh as “one of those uncommon geniuses, which spring up
occasionally to produce revolutions and overturn the established order of
things.<span> </span>If it were not for the vicinity
of the United States,
he would perhaps be the founder of an Empire that would rival in glory that of Mexico
or Peru.” (3)</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">“He was a brilliant orator and warrior and a brave and
distinguished patriot of his people. He was learned and wise, and was noted,
even among his white enemies, for his integrity and humanity.” (4)</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">With the death of Tecumseh, that shining star, Native
Americans throughout the continent lost not only their greatest patriot, but
also all hope for a sovereign nation separate from the encroaching United
States.</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">SOURCES</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">1. <i>The Patriot Chiefs:
A Chronicle of American Indian Leadership</i> by Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., New
York: The Viking Press, 1961.<span> </span>p. 138</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><span class="citationbook">2. "Poetry and Oratory,"<i>The
Portable North American Indian Reader</i> by Frederick Turner </span><span class="citationbook">III</span><span class="citationbook">,
Penguin Book, 1973. pp. 246–247</span></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">3. <i>The Patriot Chiefs:
A Chronicle of American Indian Leadership</i> by Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., New
York: The Viking Press, 1961.<span> </span>p. 131</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">4. <i>The Patriot Chiefs:
A Chronicle of American Indian Leadership</i> by Alvin M. Josephy, Jr., New
York: The Viking Press, 1961.<span> </span>p. 132</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><div class="MsoNormal" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Tecumseh, Wikipedia<span>
</span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecumseh">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecumseh</a></span></span>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-13153104290062071792011-10-02T00:00:00.000-04:002011-10-02T00:00:22.964-04:00"ELBOW ROOM!" CRIED DANIEL BOONE<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oL32q6owM5Q/TofgHycVdNI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/fxenjkDVwMY/s1600/Daniel_Boone_by_Chester_Harding_1820.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="200" src="http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-oL32q6owM5Q/TofgHycVdNI/AAAAAAAAAIQ/fxenjkDVwMY/s200/Daniel_Boone_by_Chester_Harding_1820.jpg" width="143" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Daniel Boone, 1820</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">On </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">September 26,
1820</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, intrepid
frontiersman Daniel Boone died, a few weeks short of his 86<sup>th</sup>
birthday. He had spent a lifetime exploring the frontier west of the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Appalachians</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The myth
and legend surrounding this American icon grew rampant even in his lifetime.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">The sixth of eleven
children, Boone was born in 1734 in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Berks County</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">PA</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, near present-day </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Reading</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">. He spent his early days learning to hunt and fish
from both white neighbors and friendly natives, and soon mastered musket,
rifle, bow and arrow, and knife. Some of his many siblings and cousins married their
</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Lincoln</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> neighbors, the same family from which our 16<sup>th</sup>
president descended.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">In 1750, young Boone’s
family pulled up stakes and followed the Conestoga wagons south and west
through the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Shenandoah
Valley</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, and settled in
the Yadkin Valley of North Carolina. In this forested, mountainous environment,
Boone soon became famous for his skill as a hunter and woodsman.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">After several excursions
on his own, Boone began promoting the rich wilderness west of the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Appalachians</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, organizing and leading expeditions through the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Cumberland Gap</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> to settle the fertile valley of the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Kentucky River</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He took
his own family there in the 1770s, establishing </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Fort</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Boonesboro</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, which became a primary gateway for westbound pioneers.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">One of the new settlers
with wanderlust who accompanied Boone on one of these expeditions was Abraham
Lincoln, grandfather of President Lincoln.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Abraham’s family, equally restless, had followed Boone’s family south in
1768 and settled in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Virginia</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">’s </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Shenandoah
Valley</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Young Lincoln accompanied Boone two or three
times before moving his wife and children to </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Kentucky</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> in 1785.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Boone became a captain
during the American Revolution, his militia patrolling the west against
British-fostered Indian predations on white frontier communities, from western </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Virginia</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> north to </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Ohio</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">. Later in the war, he was made a lieutenant
colonel. He led military expeditions against British outposts well after the
official end of the American Revolution, counteracting British and Indian
actions that did not let up after the surrender at </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Yorktown</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> in 1781 and the treaties between </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Great Britain</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> and the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">United States</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> in 1784.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Much of the Boone mystique
is fiction, but much of it is true. A certain John Filson published “<span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">The Discovery, Settlement And present State
of </span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Kentucke</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">”</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> in 1784, with a dramatically enhanced
section about Daniel Boone’s exploits.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>All
exaggeration aside, however, Boone was a dynamic leader and explorer, and an
unparalleled marksman, deeply devoted to the solitude of the wilderness he
roamed. His exploits were remarkable, considering the dangers of the times and
places he frequented, far from civilization.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Boone’s adventures influenced James Fenimore Cooper in writing “The Last
of the Mohicans;” no doubt, many other writers were similarly inspired.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Even more remarkable is
the fact that despite his dangerous profession, he not only attained considerable
seniority, but also remained physically active well into his old age.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>He was the prototype for the strong
pioneering spirit of the American West so embedded in our American culture.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Boone preferred the
wilderness to the budding settlements in whose founding he was so instrumental.
Although he often served as a civic leader in several communities where he
lived over the years, he always ended up moving further west. He ultimately
retired, if such a concept could be applied to such an individual, at his son’s
home in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Missouri</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Retirement did not suit this trailblazer, however, who
trekked in 1816 at age 81 with a hunting expedition to the Yellowstone River,
which feeds into the upper reaches of the Missouri River in Idaho and Montana.
Four years later, back in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Missouri</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, he died of natural causes at his son’s home near present-day </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Defiance</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">MO.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Do you think that Daniel
Boone has found sufficient elbow room in the afterlife? Or do you suppose he is
still blazing trail?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">SOURCES</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">History.com: This Day in
History<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-famous-frontiersman-daniel-boone-dies-in-missouri"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/the-famous-frontiersman-daniel-boone-dies-in-missouri</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Wikipedia: Daniel Boone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Boone"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Boone</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Pennsylvania</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> Historical & Museum Commission <a href="http://pa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/people/4277/lincoln,_abraham/443566"><span style="color: windowtext;">http://pa.gov/portal/server.pt/community/people/4277/lincoln,_abraham/443566</span></a></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">“Daniel
Boone” by Arthur Guiterman, poet (</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">1871-1943)<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> “The Saturday Evening Post” </span>v. 196
No.32, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">February 9, 1924</span><span style="font-family: Georgia; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Boone portrait painted by Chester Harding in 1820. </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"></span></div>
Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-54523128817453994782011-09-21T00:00:00.000-04:002011-09-21T00:04:25.526-04:00SEPTEMBER IS ANOTHER BLACK HISTORY MONTH<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">This month in 19<sup>th</sup>
Century American history features many events of significance in the heritage of African
Americans.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t7X85E1v_x4/Tnlfg7b3BqI/AAAAAAAAAIM/IgQXnceRfsM/s1600/1853+convention.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-t7X85E1v_x4/Tnlfg7b3BqI/AAAAAAAAAIM/IgQXnceRfsM/s320/1853+convention.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia;">On </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">September 15,
1830</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, the first Negro
Convention of Free Men convened in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Philadelphia</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">PA</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, with a mission to identify problems to the black
race in the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">United States</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> and to establish practical measures to counter
them. Five days later, this convention
voted to boycott the products of slave labor. Conventions like this continued
nearly annually through 1864, then irregularly after that. In 1853, Frederick
Douglass presided over the convention. The following year, Martin R. Delaney,
editor of the anti-slavery paper <u>The North Star</u>, presided.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Initially, the convention
developed as a platform from which to contest the American Colonization
Society, a white organization founded in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Washington</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">DC</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, whose mission was to relocate black slaves to a
new colony in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Africa</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">. (This was partially effected, the end result of
which was the establishment of the Republic of Liberia in 1847.) These black
abolitionists believed that the motive behind the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">ACS</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> was to cleanse the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">United States</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> of the black race, to make the nation all
white. Although the black caucus was
divided over overseas colonization vs. domestic integration, many black leaders
remained firm in their belief that the black race had earned its right to
remain on American soil. Over time, many who had supported colonization joined
the home-soil movement.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Another purpose of these
conventions was to develop practical strategies to improve the lot of the black
race in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">America</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">. The leaders promoted the establishment of
economic, educational, social, political, and cultural institutions to provide
the black man with tools with which he could prosper, and ultimately to prove
to the American white man that he was capable of managing his own life and
affairs, with an eye toward recognition as a citizen and all of the rights and
responsibilities which that entailed.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Georgia;">On </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">September 20,
1850</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, the slave trade was
abolished in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Washington</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">DC</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">. The
institution continued within the city limits, but the buying and selling of
slaves there was over. Perhaps </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Lincoln</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">’s unsuccessful legislative effort in 1849 (when he was a US Representative in Congress), which
proposed to end slavery in the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">District of Columbia</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> with monetary recompense to slaveholders, served
as fodder for this partial act a year and a half later. In 1862, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Lincoln</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, as President, signed into law another bill which
effected the results he had promoted in 1849. The 1862 law abolished slavery in
DC, paying District slave owners for their investment.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<a href="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UY9SXOVKuAI/TnlfHyMVB3I/AAAAAAAAAIA/NKXcjJ95oaY/s1600/Lincoln+EP.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-UY9SXOVKuAI/TnlfHyMVB3I/AAAAAAAAAIA/NKXcjJ95oaY/s320/Lincoln+EP.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: Georgia;">On </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">September 22,
1862</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Lincoln</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> issued the final draft of his Emancipation
Proclamation, freeing the slaves within the rebelling states, a military
measure which </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Lincoln</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> hoped would undercut morale among Southern troops.
It also gave black Americans the opportunity to fight directly for their own freedom. After the Proclamation took effect on </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">January 1, 1863</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, more than 200,000 blacks enlisted and fought for
the </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Union</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, constituting about 10 percent of the Union army.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Ultimately, the Thirteenth
Amendment to the Constitution, which eliminated slavery, was approved by
Congress in January 1865 and ratified by three-quarters of the States by
December 1865, with complete ratification by 1870.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">After the Civil War, these
National Black Conventions remained true to the interests of African Americans,
the platforms changing to reflect emerging issues for blacks in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">America</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, including Reconstruction, the labor movement, and
civil rights.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">Other notable 19<sup>th</sup>
Century September events in African American history:</span></div>
<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TL1zAACVy1M/TnlfIjIxgoI/AAAAAAAAAII/9MgYSu9JxsQ/s1600/Frederick+Douglass.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TL1zAACVy1M/TnlfIjIxgoI/AAAAAAAAAII/9MgYSu9JxsQ/s1600/Frederick+Douglass.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Frederick Douglass</span></span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">9/3/1838</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> Frederick Douglass,
disguised as a sailor, escapes slavery.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">9/13/1886</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> Alain Locke is born in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Philadelphia</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">PA.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> The first black Rhodes scholar, he
becomes a writer and philosopher, and is called the “Father of the Harlem
Renaissance.”</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">9/21/1872</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> John Henry Conyers of </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">South Carolina</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> is the first black student admitted to </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Annapolis</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Naval</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Academy</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">9/23/1863</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> Mary Church Terrell, a
black educator and activist is born in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Memphis</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">TN.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> In 1896, she becomes the first president of the
newly formed National Association of Colored Women. In 1904, she attends the
International Congress of Women, the only black in attendance, and as the guest
speaker, gives her address in English, French, and German.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">9/24/1825</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> Frances Ellen Watkins
Harper is born in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Baltimore</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">MD.</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> A black writer and feminist, she introduces the
tradition of African American protest poetry.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;">9/27/1817</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> Hiram Rhodes Revels is born
in </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Fayetteville</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">, </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">NC</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">. He becomes the first black </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">US</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> Senator in 1869, representing </span><span style="font-family: Georgia;">Mississippi</span><span style="font-family: Georgia;"> and serving one term. (The first black US
Representative, Joseph Hayne Rainey, representing South Carolina and serving
five terms, was born in June 1832.)</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">SOURCES</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">- James Monroe Whitfield’s
<i>America</i><i> and Other Poems</i> (1853) <a href="http://www.classroomelectric.org/volume1/levine/emigration.html">http://www.classroomelectric.org/volume1/levine/emigration.html</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">- “Africans in America” <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4narr5.html">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4narr5.html</a></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">- <i>Abraham Lincoln: A History</i> John G. Nicolay and John Hay (New York:
The Century Co., 1890)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">- The Frederick Douglas
Encyclopedia, Julius E. Thompson, James L. Conyers, Jr., and Nancy J. Dawson (Santa Barbara, CA: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2010)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">-
BlackHistoryDaily.com <a href="http://blackhistorydaily.com/">http://blackhistorydaily.com</a></span></div>
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</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><br />
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</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">IMAGE CREDITS</span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">This engraving from the April 30, 1853, edition of the <i>Illustrated News</i> shows the
congregation of Cincinnati's African Church. (From the collections of the Library
of Congress) <a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h88.html">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part3/3h88.html</a></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;">"The Emancipation Proclamation" </span><span style="font-size: small;"><i>U.S. History Online Textbook</i></span><span style="font-size: small;"> <a href="http://www.ushistory.org/us/34a.asp">http://www.ushistory.org/us/34a.asp</a> </span></div>
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</span></span><br />
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</div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
</span></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: Georgia;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">Frederick Douglas </span><a href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1539.html" style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4p1539.html</a></span></span></div>
Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-967613235927910663.post-71104005306158029282011-09-20T23:48:00.002-04:002011-09-20T23:49:00.047-04:00I'M BACK!<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZW5PjttoEpA/TnleIa_H61I/AAAAAAAAAH8/uairrjFEADA/s1600/quill+pen+%2526+cobweb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="172" src="http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZW5PjttoEpA/TnleIa_H61I/AAAAAAAAAH8/uairrjFEADA/s200/quill+pen+%2526+cobweb.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
<div style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;">
<span style="font-size: small;">Yes, I know, I've neglected my blog recently. I've been quite busy (as if no one else is!). September is always crazy around here, and we don't have time to go to the bathroom. But I want to settle down and get back to regular posts. I do enjoy researching and writing them.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: Georgia,"Times New Roman",serif;"> This message will be followed very quickly by my latest post. Stay tuned!</span></span>Brass Castle Artshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17672381970088178734noreply@blogger.com0